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MCAT Bros Flashcards

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1
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin layer of cells that lines the inside of your eyelids from the eye

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2
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent thick sheet of fibrous tissue that starts to bend light - it is the first part of the eye that light hits

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3
Q

Anterior Chamber

A

This space is filled with aqueous humour, which provides pressure to maintain the shape of the eyeball - it supplies nutrients and minerals to the cornea/ iris

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4
Q

What happens in a dream, the literal meaning, according to Freud is called?

A

Manifest content

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5
Q

The hidden meaning of a dream according to Freud is called?

A

Latent content

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6
Q

What is iconic sensory memory?

A

Memory of what you see, lasts half a second

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7
Q

What is echoic sensory memory?

A

Memory of what you hear, lasts 3-4 seconds

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8
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Declarative facts/ events that you can clearly and explicitly describe

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9
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

A type of explicit memory - has to do with words and facts

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10
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

A type of explicit memory - these are event related memories

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11
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Involves things you may not articulate - Previous experiences aid in the performance of tasks without conscious awareness

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12
Q

What kind of memory is stable with aging?

A

Implicit memory (procedural memories) and recognition memory is stable with aging

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13
Q

What kind of memory declines with aging?

A

recall, episodic memory, processing speed and the ability to divide attention declines with aging

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14
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

The inability to recall information previously encoded

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15
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to encode new memories

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16
Q

What are the names of Piaget’s stages of development?

A

Stage 1: Sensorimotor stage
Stage 2: Preoperational stage
Stage 3: Concrete operational stage
Stage 4: Formal operational stage

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17
Q

What develops during the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s stages

A

Sensorimotor stage is stage 1: it occurs from 0-2
Children gather information through their senses and learn to move their body around
This stage involves issues such as object permanence and stranger anxiety

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18
Q

What develops during the preoperational stage of Piaget’s stages

A

The preoperational stage is stage 2: it occurs from 2-7
Children can play pretend and start to use symbols to represent things
This stage is associated with an inability to understand the perspective of others (egocentric stage)

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19
Q

What develops during the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s stages

A

The concrete operational stage is stage 3: it occurs from 7-11
Children begin to learn empathy and math skills
This stage is associated with understanding concrete events logically and the concepts of conservation and reversibility

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20
Q

What develops during the formal operational stage of Piaget’s stages

A

The formal operational stage is stage 4: It occurs in kids 12 and up
Children are reasoning more like adults and it continues to develop with time
In this stage a child will be able to think about hypothetical situations and engage in logical through about abstract ideas and problem solving

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21
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly when solving novel logic problems - you can think on your feet and are adaptable

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22
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills - The ability to retrieve acquired knowledge

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23
Q

Theory of primary mental abilities

A
  • L.L. Thurnstone
  • there are 7 factors of intelligence: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory
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24
Q

Theory of multiple intelligence

A

Howard Gardner
There are 9 aspects of intelligence that are independent of one another: logical-mathematical intelligence, verbal-linguistic, spatial-visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, then naturalist, and existential intelligence

25
Q

Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Robert Sternberg

3 independent intelligences based on real world success: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

26
Q

Theory of general intelligence

A

Charles Spearman
There is one general intelligence: g factor can predict our intelligence in multiple academic areas
This theory is supported by research

27
Q

Cognitiva abilities that decline as you age

A
  • Recall - Episodic memory - Process speed - Divided attention
28
Q

Cognitive abilities that stabilize with age

A
  • Implicit memory (like riding a bike) - Recognition memory
29
Q

Cognitive abilities that improve with age

A
  • Semantic memory [verbal skills] (improves until 60) - Crystallized intelligence - Emotional reasoning
30
Q

Where are the language centers in the brain?

A

Language is in the left hemisphere
The Broca’s area controls speaking/language expression located in the frontal lobe
The Wernicke’s area is where sound processing and language understanding occurs in the temporal lobe

31
Q

Limbic System

A

A set of structures in the brain (Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, and Hippocampus)
This system is responsible for the storage/retrieval of memories, especially ones tied to emotions

32
Q

Thalamus

A

The thalamus is the sensory relay station: all senses except smell pass through the thalamus which directs the impulse to the appropriate cortex

33
Q

Amygdala

A

Amygdala is the aggression center - it produces anger/violence and fear/anxiety
- if there is damage to this area it can result in drunken behaviors

34
Q

Hippocampus

A

Hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories - converts short term memory to long term memory - if there is damage to the area new memories cannot be made

35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system - controlling endocrine system and triggering the release of hormones

36
Q

Which side of the brain shows more activity with positive emotions and what side shows more activity with negative emotions

A

Positive emotions evoke more activity on the left side and negative emotions evoke more activity on the right side

37
Q

Two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

38
Q

What happens to the body when the sympathetic branch of the nervous system is activated?

A
  • Pupils dilate - decrease in salivation - increase in respiration and heart rate (more O2) - increase in glucose release (glucagon) - increase in adrenaline and norepinephrine - decrease in digestion
39
Q

What happens to the body when the parasympathetic branch of the nervous system is activated?

A
  • Pupils constrict - increase salivation - normal respiratory and heart rate - increase glucose storage (insulin) - increase digestion
40
Q

6 universal emotions according to Paul Ekman

A

Happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger and surprise

41
Q

James - Lange theory of emotion

A

Event causes a physiological response -> the interpretation of the physiological response leads to the emotion

42
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

The event causes a physiological response and emotion at the same time

43
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

“Schachter two factor” Event causes a physiological response and a cognitive interpretation of the response simultaneously which then causes an emotion

44
Q

Lazarus theory of emotion

A

The cognitive labeling of the event that occurred leads to an emotional response and a physiological response based on the label of the event

45
Q

Parts of the frontal lobe

A
  • Motor cortex (body movements) - Broca’s area (speech production)
46
Q

Components of the Parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory cortex (touch/ pressure/ pain) - spatial manipulation

47
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

Vision

48
Q

Temporal cortex function

A

Sound (Wernicke’s area located here)

49
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

A

1) Physiological [food, water, sleep]
2) Safety [needs are associated with stability, security, and protection]
3) Love [need to belong and be accepted, intimacy]
4) Self-esteem [confidence and recognition for skill]
5) Self- actualization [maximum potential]

50
Q

Three components of attitude?

A

ABC MODEL

  • Affective (emotional - how we feel about things)
  • Behavioural (how we act or behave towards things)
  • Cognitive
51
Q

What are the names of Freud’s psychosexual development stages

A 
Old Age Parrots Love Grapes 
Oral stage (0-1)
Anal stage (1-3) 
Phallic stage (3-6)
Latent period(6-12)
Genital stage (12+)
52
Q

Development that occurs in Freud’s oral stage

A

Stage 1: 0-1
Focus is the mouth, baby develops a sense of trust and comfort
Fixation here causes issues of dependency and aggression [smoking or biting finger nails and overeating seen in adults]

53
Q

Development that occurs in Freud’s Anal stage

A

Stage 2: 1-3
Focus on the anus (toilet training); leads to control and independence in the child, encourages child to feel positive outcomes
Fixation here causes problems with orderliness and messiness

54
Q

Development that occurs in Freud’s Phallic stage

A

Stage 3: 3-6
Discover the difference between males and females (Oedipus [want to posses mother and replace father for males] and Electra [see mother as competition for father in females] complex
Fixation at this stage causes homosexuality and exhibitionism

55
Q

Development that occurs in Freud’s latent period

A

Stage 4: 6-12

Period of exploration - intellectual pursuits and social interactions and communication skills are developed

56
Q

Development that occurs in Freud’s genital stage

A

Stage 5: 12+
Focus on strong sexual interests and on the needs of others
The goal is to establish balance between various life areas

57
Q

What are the names of Erikson’s Psychosocial development stages

A

1) Trust vs Mistrust (0-1)
2) Autonomy vs Shame/doubt (1-3)
3) Initiative vs Guilt (3-6)
4) Industry vs Inferiority (6-12)
5) Identity vs Role Confusion (12-20)
6) Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40)
7) Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65)
8) Integrity vs Despair (65+)

58
Q

Stages of Kohlberg Moral Development

A 
1) Pre-Coventional (7-10)
1A) Obedience vs punishment
1B) Self interest 
2) Conventional (10-16)
2A) Conformity and interpersonal accord 
2B) Authority and social order 
3) Postconventional stage (only achieved by 15% of people)
3A) Social contract 
3B) Universal principles

MCAT Flashcards (12 decks)

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