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PSIO 201 > Practice Set 3B > Flashcards

Practice Set 3B Flashcards

1
Q

Which is a quick cycle of contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached?

A

Twitch

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2
Q

What does the latent period on a myogram indicate?

A

The time period between the stimulus and the twitch

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3
Q

On a myogram, how does the relaxation phase compare to the contraction phase?

A

The relaxation phase is longer.

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4
Q

Which affects the strength of a muscle twitch?

A

How stretched the muscle was before stimulation

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5
Q

True or false: A twitch is a sustained contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached.

A

False

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6
Q

On a myogram, the time between the stimulus and the twitch is known as the _____ period.

A

latent

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7
Q

The movement of an object or load results from the development of what kind of tension?

A

External

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8
Q

As the myosin head releases the thin filament, muscle tension declines during what is referred to as the ______ phase of a muscle twitch.

A

relaxation

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9
Q

Which affect twitch strength?

A

Stimulation frequency

Muscle fatigue

Temperature of the muscle

How stretched the muscle was just before it was stimulated

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10
Q

Which is a quick cycle of contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached?

A

Twitch

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11
Q

What type of tension develops during the latent period of muscle contraction?

A

Internal

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12
Q

A muscle fiber shortens and generates force during the ______ period of a muscle twitch.

A

contraction

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13
Q

A muscle fiber shortens and generates force during the ______ period of a muscle twitch.

A

contraction

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14
Q

Temporal summation leads to a state of fluttering contraction known as what?

A

Incomplete tetanus

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15
Q

Complete (fused) __________ is the continuous forceful contraction in a muscle with no relaxation between stimuli.

A

tetanus, tetany, or Tetanus

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16
Q

Stimulus frequency affects the sarcoplasmic concentration of which of the following?

A

Calcium

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17
Q

True or false: A twitch is a sustained contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached.

A

False

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18
Q

When lifting something heavy, which type of contraction occurs first?

A

Isometric

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19
Q

What produces incomplete tetanus?

A

Temporal summation

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20
Q

Which is not naturally seen in the muscles of the body?

A

Complete tetanus

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21
Q

Which type of contraction maintains joint stability and posture?

A

Isometric

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22
Q

In what type of contraction does the internal tension build until it overcomes resistance and the muscle moves the load?

A

Isotonic

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23
Q

Which describes slow-twitch fibers?

A

They have a rich blood supply.

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24
Q

Temporal summation leads to a state of fluttering contraction known as what?

A

Incomplete tetanus

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25
Q

Which fibers contain a fast-acting ATPase and phosphagen enzymes?

A

Fast-twitch

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26
Q

In which condition are stimuli are so frequent that the muscle cannot relax, and the muscle twitches fuse into a smooth prolonged contraction?

A

Tetanus

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27
Q

Skeletal muscles contain which of the following?

A

Both slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers

28
Q

A muscle shortens as it maintains tension in a what type of contraction?

A

Concentric

29
Q

Slow-twitch fibers are also known as ______ fibers.

A

red

30
Q

Fast-twitch fibers are also known as ______ fibers.

A

white

31
Q

Which fascicle arrangement produces the weakest muscle?

A

Circular

32
Q

Fatigue resistance is improved by ______ exercise which enhances the delivery and use of oxygen.

A

endurance

33
Q

What are muscles that contain mainly slow oxidative fibers called?

A

Red

34
Q

Fibers that are well adapted to aerobic respiration are called ______ -twitch fibers.

A

slow

35
Q

Which types of muscle tissue are considered involuntary?

A

Cardiac and smooth

36
Q

Muscle that are larger can generate ______ strength than those that are smaller.

A

more

37
Q

Which of the following is true of endurance exercise?

A

It increases oxygen transport in the blood.

38
Q

The thighs of a chicken are composed mostly of ______ fibers.

A

slow-oxidative

39
Q

Cardiac and smooth muscle are both considered which of the following?

A

Involuntary

40
Q

Which describes cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Striated, usually uninucleate, branching

41
Q

Intercalated discs contain which of the following that prevent cardiac cells from pulling apart during contraction?

A

Mechanical junctions

42
Q

Resistance exercise causes muscle growth by stimulating which of the following?

A

An increase in myofibril size

43
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue is autorhythmic but the ______ can increase or decrease the heart rate and contraction strength.

A

autonomic nervous system

44
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

In the heart wall only

45
Q

In the heart, what triggers the wave of electrical excitation that causes the heart to contract?

A

Pacemaker

46
Q

The thickened notched ends of cardiac muscle cells which contain gap junctions are called __________ discs.

A

intercalated

47
Q

Why are gap junctions important?

A

They allow the cells to contract in a coordinated fashion.

48
Q

What does it mean that cardiac cells are autorhythmic?

A

They contract rhythmically and independent of nervous stimulation.

49
Q

Choose all that are characteristics of cardiac muscle.

A

It uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively.

It has large stores of glycogen.

It is rich in myoglobin.

50
Q

Which muscle type is resistant to fatigue, contracts with a regular rhythm, and functions 24 hours a day?

A

Cardiac

51
Q

What is the function of the cardiac pacemaker?

A

It triggers contraction in the heart muscle.

52
Q

Which muscle type is striated, uninucleate, and branched?

A

Cardiac

53
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are considered ___________ because they contract rhythmically and independently.

A

autorhythmic or Autorhythmic

54
Q

Which muscle tissue is rich in myoglobin, mitochondria, glycogen and uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively for its energy needs?

A

Cardiac

55
Q

Which are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

A

They are resistant to fatigue.

They contract with regular rhythm.

They contract nearly in unison.

56
Q

The muscle tissue that is typically slow to contract and slow to relax is _________ muscle.

A

smooth

57
Q

Which tissue can propel contents of a digestive organ?

A

Smooth muscle

58
Q

Which describes cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Striated, usually uninucleate, branching

59
Q

In smooth muscle cells, what binds the dense bodies to the membrane?

A

Intermediate filaments

60
Q

What does it mean that cardiac cells are autorhythmic?

A

They contract rhythmically and independent of nervous stimulation.

61
Q

What regulatory protein is associated with the thick filament of smooth muscle and activates myosin light-chain kinase?

A

Calmodulin

62
Q

Which describes smooth muscle?

A

It is slow to contract and slow to relax.

63
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscle?

A

To constrict or dilate blood vessels to control blood pressure

To move material through the digestive tract

To regulate pupil diameter

64
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments in smooth muscle cells?

A

They bind the dense bodies to the sarcolemma.

65
Q

What is the immediate trigger for the contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Calcium ions

66
Q

In smooth muscle, which protein does calcium bind to?

A

Myosin

67
Q

The sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has pockets called ______ that contain calcium channels.

A

caveolae

PSIO 201 (10 decks)

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