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PSIO 201 > Practice Set 3A > Flashcards

Practice Set 3A Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Heat production

Blood sugar regulation

Control of body openings and passages

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2
Q

The endomysium is a connective tissue sheath that wraps around which of the following?

A

Muscle fiber

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3
Q

Which describes a muscle fascicle?

A

A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue

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4
Q

Which term refers to the loose connective tissue layer that surrounds skeletal muscle fascicles?

A

Perimysium

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5
Q

The structures indicated by the arrows are examples of which of the following?

A

Tendons

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6
Q

Which are functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Heat production

Movement

Joint stability

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7
Q

Which describes the endomysium?

A

A loose connective tissue layer around each individual muscle cell

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8
Q

Which term refers to bundles of muscle fibers, wrapped in connective tissue, within a muscle?

A

Fascicles

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9
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

A connective tissue sheath bundling many muscle fibers into a fascicle

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10
Q

In flexing the elbow, the prime mover is the ______.

A

brachialis

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11
Q

Connective tissue structures that attach bone to muscle are called _____.

A

tendons

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12
Q

Because skeletal muscle is under the conscious control it is said to be ______.

A

voluntary

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13
Q

Muscle cells contain _______ a red pigment that stores oxygen needed for muscular activity.

A

myoglobin

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14
Q

In a myofibril, a thick filament is composed of pairs of _______ molecules intertwined together.

A

myosin

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15
Q

Which term refers to a muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action?

A

Agonist

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle exhibits alternating light and dark bands called _______.

A

striations

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17
Q

The portion of a myofibril from one Z disc to the next is called a(n) _________.

A

sarcomere

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18
Q

True or false: Skeletal muscle contraction helps produce body heat.

A

True

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19
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber

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20
Q

Muscle cells contain _______, a starch-like carbohydrate that provides energy during intense exercise.

A

glycogen

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21
Q

Which protein makes up the thick filaments of a myofibril?

A

Myosin

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22
Q

A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, this type of synapse is called a _______ junction.

A

neuromuscular

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23
Q

What is the prime mover?

A

agonist

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24
Q

Within skeletal muscle cells, what extends from one Z disc to the next and constitutes one contractile unit?

A

Sarcomere

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25
Q

All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber constitute a ______ unit.

A

motor

26
Q

What is the indented region of the sarcolemma that participates in the neuromuscular junction called?

A

Motor end plate

27
Q

Muscle cells contain _______ , a red pigment that stores oxygen needed for muscular activity.

A

myoglobin

28
Q

The synaptic knob does not touch the muscle fiber but is separated by which structure?

A

Synaptic cleft

29
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

A site where a nerve fiber communicates with a muscle fiber

30
Q

Which term refers to a muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action?

A

Agonist

31
Q

Within a synapse, a neuron ends in a swelling called a(n) ______ terminal.

A

synaptic, axon, Axon, or Synaptic

32
Q

A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, this type of synapse is called a _______ junction.

A

neuromuscular

33
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

The neurotransmitter released at a neuromuscular junction

34
Q

In flexing the elbow, the prime mover is the ______.

A

brachialis

35
Q

Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, what is excitation?

A

The process by which action potentials in a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in a muscle fiber

36
Q

At the synaptic knob of the motor neuron, calcium stimulates exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles to release the neurotransmitter ______ into the synapse.

A

acetylcholine

37
Q

What is the indented region of the sarcolemma that participates in the neuromuscular junction called?

A

Motor end plate

38
Q

The synaptic knob does not touch the muscle fiber but is separated by which structure?

A

Synaptic cleft

39
Q

The neurotransmitter used in a neuromuscular junction is ______.

A

acetylcholine

40
Q

What is the process by which action potentials of a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber called?

A

Excitation

41
Q

When a nerve signal arrives at a synaptic knob, which voltage-gated channels open in the knob?

A

Calcium

42
Q

In an NMJ, after acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft, where does it bind to ligand-gated channels?

A

On the sarcolemma

43
Q

Within a synapse, a neuron ends in a swelling called a(n) ________ terminal.

A

axon

44
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

The events that link the action potential of the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament contraction

45
Q

Action potentials spread across the sarcolemma and continue down which structures into the sarcoplasm?

A

T tubules

46
Q

Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, what is excitation?

A

The process by which action potentials in a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in a muscle fiber

47
Q

When acetylcholine binds to its receptors on the motor end plate, an ion channel opens and ______ ions diffuse quickly into the muscle cell.

A

sodium

48
Q

Which phase of contraction links the action potential in the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament?

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

49
Q

Action potentials cause the opening of voltage-gated sodium ion channels in the ________ tubules. This leads to the opening of calcium ion channels in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

transverse

50
Q

What is the process by which action potentials of a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber called?

A

Excitation

51
Q

What must occur before tropomyosin can shift, revealing the active sites that allow myosin heads to bind to the actin filaments?

A

Calcium must bind to troponin.

52
Q

When a nerve signal arrives at a synaptic knob, which voltage-gated channels open in the knob?

A

Calcium

53
Q

During which phase of muscle contraction is calcium transported back into the cisternae and tropomyosin moves back to block the actin active sites?

A

Relaxation

54
Q

In an NMJ, after acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft, where does it bind to ligand-gated channels?

A

On the sarcolemma

55
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

The events that link the action potential of the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament contraction

56
Q

The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is called

A

acetylcholinesterase, AChE, or cholinesterase

57
Q

Action potentials spread across the sarcolemma and continue down which structures into the sarcoplasm?

A

T tubules

58
Q

What occurs when calcium binds to troponin?

A

The troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape and exposes the myosin binding sites (active sites).

59
Q

Steps of muscle relaxation in order.

A
60
Q

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?

A

It breaks down ACh, ending muscle stimulation.

61
Q

During relaxation, active-transport pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum move which ion from the sarcoplasm into the cisternae?

A

Calcium

62
Q

During which phase of muscle contraction is calcium transported back into the cisternae and tropomyosin moves back to block the actin active sites?

A

Relaxation

PSIO 201 (10 decks)

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