Practice Set 1A Flashcards
An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n)
tissue, tissues, or Tissue
True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.
Reason: False. The scientific method is a way of disciplined reasoning that includes observation, hypothesizing, experimentation, and conclusions. This statement refers to an hypothesis.
What are the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity.
Atom, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism,
What is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?
Organ system
Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?
Plasma membrane
An organ is best described as which of the following?
A structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function
When some bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This would be an example of what type of feedback?
Negative feedback
Fill in the correct term for the following sequence: Macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, ( ), organ systems, organism.
organs
Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?
Scientific method
Organelles are composed of ______.
molecules
What is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life?
Cell
What is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called?
Receptor
Blood pressure is controlled by a
negative feedback mechanism.
Which of the following describes the integration center of a feedback mechanism?
Processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be.
An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n)
tissue, tissues, or Tissue
What is the cell or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called?
Effector
True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.
Reason: False. The scientific method is a way of disciplined reasoning that includes observation, hypothesizing, experimentation, and conclusions. This statement refers to an hypothesis.
True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.
False
The name for a structure that is specialized to detect a stimulus is a(n)
receptor, receptors, Receptor, Receptors, sensory receptors, or sensory receptor
What type of feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction?
Positive
Which part of a feedback mechanism processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action?
Integrating center
In nature, sodium atoms lose electrons; therefore, they become ______.
cations.
A structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n)
effector, effectors, Effector, or Effectors
Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?
Scientific method
Organelles are composed of ______.
molecules
The chlorine atom gains electrons to become a chloride ______.
anion
Contractions during childbirth is an example of a
positive feedback mechanism.
Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?
Electrons are shared unequally between two atoms.
A cation has a net
positive charge.
What is the cell or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called?
Effector
True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.
False
The term ( ) refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.
Metabolism
What is the term for an ion with a net negative charge (more electrons than protons)?
Anion
Which term applies to metabolic decomposition reactions that release energy?
Anabolism
In a carbon dioxide molecule, electrons are shared equally among the atoms. What type of bond do they form?
Nonpolar covalent
What type of ion has lost an electron and, consequently, has a net positive charge?
Cation
Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered which type of reaction?
Anabolic
A structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n)
effector, effectors, Effector, or Effectors
About 98% of plasma membrane molecules are lipids. Of this 98%, about ______ are phospholipids
75%
Which are true regarding metabolism?
It can be defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body.
It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized.
It includes reactions where molecules are broken down.
Which proteins do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to only one face of the membrane?
Peripheral
What describes a catabolic reaction?
Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion.
What term refers to a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared?
Polar
When the concentration of a substance differs from one area to another, this creates a concentration
gradient, Gradient, gradients, or concentration gradient
The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following?
Build large molecules from small molecules
Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process?
Diffusion
Amphipathic phospholipids arrange themselves into a(n) ______ to form the plasma membrane
bilayer
Most transmembrane proteins are ______.
glycoproteins
Which term applies to metabolic decomposition reactions that release energy?
Catabolism
From a region of high to low concentration
Down a gradient
From a region of low to high concentration
Up a gradient
Oxygen passes into the bloodstream across the membranes in the lung by the process of
Diffusion
What factors would increase the rate of diffusion?
Increased cell surface area
Increased concentration difference
Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound
Phospholipids are ______ molecules that have a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head.
amphipathic
Reason: Amphipathic molecules have polar and nonpolar regions The tail is nonpolar.
The greater or steeper the concentration gradient, the ______ the rate of diffusion.
faster
What is a protein that extends through the cell membrane called?
Transmembrane
Which of the following describes a catabolic reaction?
What of the following describes a catabolic reaction?
Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion.
Reason: Catabolic reactions are decomposition reactions. Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, and energy is released.
Water and electrolytes can cross a cell membrane through which of the following?
Channels
When the concentration of a substance differs from one area to another, this creates a concentration
gradient
What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?
A carrier
Smaller molecules diffuse ______ larger molecules.
faster than
When the concentration of a substance gradually changes from one area to the next, we say it exhibits a concentration
When the concentration of a substance gradually changes from one area to the next, we say it exhibits a concentration
gradient, gradients, or Gradient
Most transmembrane proteins are ______.
glycoproteins
True or false: Facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.
False
What molecules can readily diffuse through a cell membrane?
Lipid-soluble molecules
Nonpolar molecules
Hydrophobic molecules
In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane?
Carrier-mediated transport
Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?
Active
The greater or steeper the concentration gradient, the ______ the rate of diffusion.
faster
Which mechanism of carrier-mediated transport moves a solute through a membrane without use of energy?
Facilitated diffusion
Sodium-glucose transporters do not directly use ATP. Their ability to move glucose is due to the previous active removal of sodium from the cell. The sodium gradient that resulted from active transport “drives” the transporter, bringing both sodium and glucose into the cell. This is an example of which of the following?
Secondary active transport
What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?
A carrier
Vesicular transport that releases material from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell is called
exocytosis or Exocytosis (EXO = exit)
Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ______.
active transport
vesicular transport
The process of using a carrier to passively transport a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient is known as
facilitated or Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following describes primary active transport?
A solute is moved up its concentration gradient using ATP.
Which of the following moves large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane?
Vesicular transport
Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?
Active
Which mechanism of carrier-mediated transport moves a solute through a membrane without use of energy?
Facilitated diffusion
Which process uses a carrier to move a substance against its concentration gradient using ATP?
Primary active transport
True or false: Facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.
False
