practice questions i missed Flashcards
what can inosine pair with?
A, C or U
How are both strands used in DNA replication?
Both template stands are used simultaneously
Where does energy for DNA replication come from?
dNTP -> dNMP + PPi
what is a protein that binds to response elements to regulate eukaryotic gene expression
transcription factor
what is the major groove of DNA
space for proteins to interact with bases, the proteins can “read” the sequences
what is the significance of a nuceloside triphosphate?
undergoes hydrolysis during the dNDP to dNMP reaction to give energy
what are the three levels of gene regulation in eukaryotes?
transcriptional, translations, processing
ferritin gene
when iron is present, it binds to the iron regulating proteins, which is released from the mRNA strand so that translation becomes active. the iron response element is the little bump.
what is the secondary structure of RNA
looks like a ladle, can bind to itself.
what type of molecule is GTP?
nucleotide
the half life of an mRNA is related to
the nucleotide sequence of the 3’ UTR
what is not part of a bacterial operon
enhancer
which of the following functional groups would make a carbon-based compound the least polar
methyl
are proximal promoter elements shared by nearly all eukaryotic genes?
yes
what do multiple levels of eukaryotic gene expression allow for?
- finer tuned control of expression
- control of response speed
- localization control
how do release factors work?
mimic tRNA and bind in the A site which induces the displacement reaction. ends translation
what is degeneracy
different codons, same amino acids
what is different about RNA structurally?
HAS -OH
which amino acid is least soluble in water
PHE
what makes biotechnology modern?
rDNA
what should i think of when i think covalently bonded amino acid?
CYSTEINE
what are the elements of a bacterial operon
promoter: RNA polymerase binding site
operator: repressor protein binding site
regulatory gene: codes for repressor
structural gene: codes for enzymes and such
what is the best explanation for the fact that 30% of single nucleotide base mutations are harmeless?
most amino acids are specified by several codons that differ at the third position
what is b-galactosidase
enzyme involved in breaking down lactose
minimization of low-entropy water structure at interfacial surfaces drives which phenomenon?
hydrophobic effect.
what were the two radiolabels used for hershey chase
35s and 32p
rRNA is…
- most abundant form of RNA
- folds and is self complementary
- important in protein translation
each protein of length N is synthesized by a cell requires how many molecules of GTP?
2N
an advantage of regulating gene expression at the translation level compared to the transcriptional level is…
faster response ONLY
what is a chiral molecule
bound to 4 DIFFERENT things`
is an operator element required for transcription in prokaryotes
NO
what level do PROKARYOTES regulate gene expression
ONLY TRANSCRIPTION
what is the diameter of a dna double helix
2 nm
how does the weird lacI question work?
REPRESSED=BIGGEST
EXPRESSED = SMALLEST
operators are to repressors as blank are to response elements
transcription factors
what is a response element
bind transcription factors
What is a proximal promoter element shared by most eukaryotic genes?
TATA box
what are the most hydrophillic amino acids?
Tyrosine, Glutamine, Threonine, Serine, Asparagine
what are the most hydrophobic amino acids?
Valine, Alanine, Proline, Phenylalanine
