Cell Bio Overview

Question 1

What is the cellular membrane made of?

Answer 1

lipid bilayer
-Nonpolar Core (hyprophobic)
-Hydrophilic Heads on the outside

Question 2

What is embedded in the membrane?

Answer 2

Proteins

Question 3

What do the proteins on the cell membrane assist with?

Answer 3

1. Regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell
2. Signaling external conditions to the cell
3. Providing adhesive interactions

Question 4

Integral Membrane Proteins

Answer 4

Reside within the membrane bilayer

Help with the movement of molecules across them and the transduction of energy and signals

Question 5

Peripheral membrane proteins

Answer 5

Temporarily attached to the cell/organelle

Function in support, communication, enzymes, and molecule transfer in the cell

Question 6

GPI-anchored protein

Answer 6

Involved in membrane protein transportation, cell adhesion, cell wall synthesis, and cell surface protection

protein that is anchored by a lipid anchor called Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI).

Question 7

Hydrophobic Alpha-helix

Answer 7

Responsible for interactions between most cells and their environment

Question 8

Helical Bundles

Answer 8

A small protein fold composed of several alpha helices that are usually nearly parallel or antiparallel to each other

In membrane:
Blue = Polar
Red = NonPolar
(opposite when in the cytoplasm)

(Look at slide 5 of Handout 7 for a visual)

Question 9

When can the translocation of secreted proteins begin?

Answer 9

They can be translocated even while they are still being synthesized by the ribosome

Question 10

What makes up the Signal Recognition Protein (SRP)

Answer 10

proteins + rRNA

Question 11

Where does the SRP bind?

Answer 11

binds to the signal sequence of the protein and directs docking of the translocon

Question 12

What is the translocon

Answer 12

protein channel in rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane

Question 13

What does the binding of the signal peptide to the translocon allow to happen?

Answer 13

widen the pore and allow the polypeptide to pass into the ER

Question 14

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Answer 14

In the cytoplasm

Question 15

What occurs in the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 15

folding of proteins

Question 16

What assists in the folding of proteins in the ER?

Answer 16

Chaperones (Pepperonis) and Foldases

the chaperoninis are back!!!!

Question 17

What is a vesicle and how does one form?

Answer 17

They are tiny sacs that transport material within or outside the cell

They form by pinching off from intracellular bodies and fuse with other membranes to combine contents

Question 18

What is a Ligand? (when talking about a cell)

Answer 18

A chemical messenger released by a cell to signal an effect inside the cell

Question 19

What are the three structural layers around a gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 19

Outer membrane
Cytoplasmic membrane
Periplasmic space

Question 20

Escherichia coli

Answer 20

Model bacterial organism (E. coli)
Not all E. coli is the harmful E. coli we are told about

Question 21

Bacteriocins

Answer 21

Toxic protein made by bacteria to kill closely related bacteria

Question 22

Immunity Protein

Answer 22

Protein that provides immunity

(bacteriocin immunity proteins bind to the corresponding bacteriocins and render them harmless)

Question 23

Plasmid

Answer 23

Self-replicating genetic elements that are sometimes found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

(NOT chromosomes or part of the host cell’s permanent genome. Most plasmids are circular molecules of double-stranded DNA)

BODER: small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA capable of replicating in cells.

Question 24

Diploid

Answer 24

Having two copies of each chromosome and of each gene

Question 25

Is having more than two copies of a genome common in animals?

Answer 25

No, it is extremely rare

(only one example has been found - an argentine rat) OLÉ

Question 26

Polyploid

Answer 26

Having multiple sets of chromosomes per cell
Common in PLANTS

Question 27

Germline

Answer 27

Reproductive cells producing eggs or sperm that take part in forming the next generation (in eukaryotic organisms)

Question 28

Somatic

Answer 28

Cell making up the body

Question 29

Germline passing of traits

Answer 29

Egg and Sperm undergo meiosis (forming a zygote)

Mutations are passed on to the next generation

Question 30

Somatic passing of traits

Answer 30

Under mitosis

If a defect is developed early then all cells produced after that point by this ancestral cell will have the defect

Question 31

Somatic mutations

Answer 31

A mutation that occurs in somatic cells and is not passed on to the next generation via the germline

Question 32

Totipotent

Answer 32

A cell that can develop into all the different types of cells of the body (common in plants)

A single plant cell has the ability to form any part of the plant, reproductive or not

Question 33

Stem cell

Answer 33

Example of a totipotent animal cell

Able to differentiate into multiple cell types

Question 34

Nuclear envelope

Answer 34

Two concentric membranes that surround the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Question 35

Nuclear pores

Answer 35

How the nucleus and cytoplasm communicate with each other

Question 36

Telomeres

Answer 36

Special repeated sequences that cap the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes

Question 37

Centromeres

Answer 37

Region of the eukaryotic chromosome where the microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis

Question 38

How does yeast grow and divide?

Answer 38

Budding - a small bud emerges from the mother cell, enlarges until reaching a certain size, and then separates from the mother cell

Question 39

What is a bud

Answer 39

The new asexual daughter cell of a yeast that forms as a bulge on the surface of the mother cell

Question 40

What kind of cells does budding create?

Answer 40

Genetically identical cells because the genome divides by mitosis

Question 41

What are yeast mating types?

Answer 41

a and alpha

(only an a plus an alpha can merge to form a new genetically unique diploid)