Practice Problems Flashcards
Homeostasis refers to a cell’s maintenance of a…
a. Cell membrane
b. ATP gradient
c. Steady state
d. Constant size
c. Steady state
Angela is a researcher studying “blue” pneumonia in bats. Someone has already identified the virus that causes the disease, and now Angela is documenting the progression of the illness from the initial infection to full blown pneumonia. Angela is studying the …
a. Prognosis of “blue” pneumonia
b. Pathogenesis of “blue” pneumonia
c. Etiology of “blue” pneumonia
d. Theranosis of “blue” pneumonia
b. Pathogenesis of “blue” pneumonia
The increase in the size of cells in an organ in response to stress is …
a. Hypertrophy b. Hyperactive c. Hyperdrive d. Hyperplasia
a. Hypertrophy
Burns from an acid resulting in cell injury are an example of ….
a. Chemical injury b. Physical injury c. Genetic damage d. Aging
a. Chemical injury
Lipid peroxidation, protein misfolding, and DNA damage are all down stream effects of…
a. Oxidative stress b. Apoptosis c. Nutritional deficiency d. Membrane disruption
a. Oxidative stress
Wesley has tuberculosis and several granulomas in his lungs. The type of necrosis most likely seen in this injury would be…
a. coagulative b. caseous c. Fat d. Liquefactive
b. caseous
Karyorrhexis refers to the ___ of the nucleus during necrotic cell death
a. fading b. shrinking c. fragmentation d. color change
c. fragmentation
A serious problem in necrosis is the leakage of contents from the _____
a. lysosome b. endoplasmic reticulum c. nucleus d. Golgi apparatus
a. lysosome
Brain injury such as stroke of meningitis is characterized by which type of necrosis?
a. Coagulative b. Liquefactive c. Fat d. Caseous
b. Liquefactive
The family of enzymes most closely involved in apoptosis are the …
a. metalloproteases b. endonucleases c. alkaline phosphotases d. caspases
d. caspases
Signals from outside the cell can activate the ___ pathway of apoptosis
a. intrinsic b. mitochondrial c. extrinsic d. necrotic
c. extrinsic
The two major components of inflammation are….
a. apoptosis and necrosis b. vascular changes and cellular involvement c. lymphocytes and cytokines d. phagocytosis and toll-like receptors
b. vascular changes and cellular involvement
Vascular changes in inflammation include….
a. white blood cell margination and rolling b. increased permeability and vasodilation c. acute and chronic d. exudates and transudates
b. increased permeability and vasodilation
Exudates are characterized as rich in….
a. protein b. lipids c. DNA d. carbohydrates
a. protein
The redness seen in inflammation is due to…
a. increased blood flow b. increased vascular permeability c. pressure in the tissue d. infection
a. increased blood flow
What cell’s primary function is phagocytosis?
a. Endothelial cell b. Lymphocyte c. Macrophage d. Mast cell
c. Macrophage
If the integrin on a white blood cell cannot change into the high affinity state, which step in leukocyte recruitment will be affected?
a. Chemotaxis b. Adhesion c. Migration d. Rolling
b. Adhesion
Opsonization of invading bacteria specifically aids in what process?
a. Phagocytosis b. Recruitment c. Chemotaxis d. Migration
a. Phagocytosis
Production of reactive oxygen species for the killing of ingested bacteria happens in the…
a. mitochondria b. lysosome c. phagolysosome d. inflammasome
c. phagolysosome
The increased production of CRP, fibrinogen, and SAA by the liver is stimulated by…
a. IL-6 b. TNF c. interferon gamma d. IL-1
a. IL-6
Is progressive acute or chronic inflammation?
Chronic
Is neutrophil proliferation acute or chronic inflammation?
Acute
Is Subtle physical signs acute or chronic inflammation?
Chronic
Is rapid onset acute or chronic inflammation?
Acute
The event which initiates the coagulation, fibrinolytic, kinin, and complement systems’ contribution to inflammation is…
a. the activation of Hageman factor b. the production of prekallikrein c. the production of thrombin d. the cleavage of C3
a. the activation of Hageman factor
Which of the five cardinal signs of inflammation is bradykinin partially responsible for?
a. Warmth b. Redness c. Pain d. Loss of function
c. Pain
Which of the following chemical mediators is a product of arachidonic acid metabolism
a. Thromboxane b. Bradykinin c. Fibrin d. Histamine
a. Thromboxane
Fever in the acute phase response is caused by ___ which acts on the hypocampus, causing it to reset the body’s temperature at a higher point.
a. growth factors b. pyrogens c. lymphokines d. colony stimulating factors
b. pyrogens
A creature claws a man’s face, brushing him and leaving a large laceration on his cheek. What type of unjustly happened to the cells in the cut on his face? (Assume there is no bacteria on the claws)
a. Infection b. Hypoxic injury c. Chemical injury d. Physical injury
d. Physical injury
Within a few minutes of getting clawed in the face, the cut was very inflamed. The whole side of his face was swollen. What causes swelling during inflammation?
a. Increased vascular permeability b. Complement activation c. Leukocyte invasion d. Being in the cold
a. Increased vascular permeability
Getting clawed in the face, causes rapid tissue death in the cut. This cell death wasn’t the result of signals from outside or inside the cells. What type of cell death occurred in the facial laceration?
a. Apoptosis b. Necrosis c. Autophagy d. Netosis
b. Necrosis
White blood cells were recruited to the tissue where the laceration occurred. Which type of WBC will be the first to arrive in large numbers?
a. Macrophages b. Lymphocytes c. Fibroblasts d. Neutrophils
d. Neutrophils
After getting clawed in the face, the animal licked the wound, spreading bacteria from its mouth into the wound. Happy in their new environment deep in the cheek, the bacteria begin to multiply rapidly. But because the innate immune response is already well underway, the white blood cells already on site can contain the infection. One way they do this is by…
a. phagocytosis and killing of the bacteria b. changing the pH of the surrounding tissue c. inducing apoptosis of the bacteria d. zapping the bacteria with ray guns
a. phagocytosis and killing of the bacteria
A healthy innate immune system includes complement that can help to fight off the bacterial infection. Complement provides two forms of defense against microbes. They are…
a. histamine release and WBC recruitment b. WBC activation and histamine release c. opsonization and MACs d. MACs and histamine release
c. opsonization and MACs
Damage to a face laceration caused collagen to be exposed. Hageman factor was then activated by exposure to the collagen. This led to an increase in the physical symptom of pain caused by…
a. ROS b. COX inhibitors c. thrombin d. bradykinin
d. bradykinin
Aspirin helps relieve pain because it prevents the production of…
a. prostaglandins b. bradykinin c. ROS d. thrombin
a. prostaglandins
When a face laceration begins to heal, it gets filled in by vascular, “bumpy” looking tissue that bleeds easily when someone tries to shave. This tissue is called…
a. collagen b. a scab c. granulation tissue d. necrotic tissue
c. granulation tissue
A cut on a man’s cheek was a slicing wound. The claws were very sharp, almost like scalpels. Very little tissue was lost from the cheek tissue. The likely final outcome for the wound, barring serious infection, will be…
a. regeneration b. lots of scarring and keloid tissue c. chronic inflammation
a. regeneration
Uterine enlargement during pregnancy is an example of…
a. hyperplasia b. hypoplasia c. hypertrophy d. metaplasia
a. hyperplasia
c. hypertrophy
The reversible replacement of one adult cell type by another as an adaptation to stress is called…
a. hyperplasia b. hypoplasia c. hypertrophy d. metaplasia
d. metaplasia
Rickets is a disease caused by a lack of Vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. The disease causes the bones to be soft and weak, leading to an increased risk of fracture. Lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate in rickets is the ….
a. etiology of the disease b. theranosis of the disease c. pathogenesis of the disease d. prognosis of the disease
a. etiology of the disease
Carbon monoxide poisoning lowers the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. The type of cell injury that results from carbon monoxide is …
a. chemical b. physical c. hypoxic d. genetic
c. hypoxic
Leukopenia is …
a. deficiency of erythrocytes b. deficiency of platelets c. deficiency of white blood cells d. deficiency of all blood cells
c. deficiency of white blood cells
Histology refers to …
a. the study of cell shape b. the study of tissue c. the study of homeostasis
b. the study of tissue
A man had ischemic damage to his left kidney that resulted in necrosis. What type of necrosis would be seen in a kidney?
a. Liquefactive b. Coagulative c. Fat d. Fibrinoid
b. Coagulative
A women has tuberculosis. She has a granuloma in her lungs that is filled with a crumbly, whitish substance. What is the substance in the granuloma?
a. Liquefactive necrosis b. Apoptotic lung tissue c. Caseous necrosis d. Coagulative necrosis
c. Caseous necrosis
An overdose of acetaminophen (an over-the-counter pain medication) can cause what type of injury to liver cells?
a. Genetic b. Chemical c. Mechanical d. Immunologic
b. Chemical
Karyolysis is seen in …
a. Apoptosis b. Necrosis c. Both d. Neither
b. Necrosis
Cell shrinkage is seen in…
a. Apoptosis b. Necrosis c. Both d. Neither
a. Apoptosis
Cellular fragmentation is seen in…
a. Apoptosis b. Necrosis c. Both d. Neither
a. Apoptosis
Capases are seen in ….
a. Apoptosis b. Necrosis c. Both d. Neither
a. Apoptosis
Why does necrosis result in inflammation while apoptosis does not?
a. Necrosis is followed by autophagy b. Necrotic fragments are phagocytosed c. Necrotic cell contents leak out d. Necrosis is a controlled process
c. Necrotic cell contents leak out
Because of a genetic mutation, a certain cell is accumulating a large number of misfiled proteins. The begins to undergo apoptosis because the ______ is activated.
a. intrinsic pathway b. extrinsic pathway
a. intrinsic pathway
ATP depletion and oxidative stress (ROS increase) can both be caused by damage to the …
a. lysosome b. cell membrane c. mitochondria d. nucleus
c. mitochondria
Bill fell off his bicycle and got a large, deep scrape on his leg. After a bit, it exhibits all the cardinal signs of inflammation. This means Bill’s scrape is warm, red, …
a. painful, swollen, and exudation is occurring b. full of bacteria and cytokines and his vasculature is permeable c. painful, swollen, and function is lost d. warm, painful, and swollen
c. painful, swollen, and function is lost
In the days following an injury, two waves of innate immune cells are recruited to the site. Which type of cell is in the second wave?
a. Endothelials b. Neutrophils c. Mast cells d. Macrophages
d. Macrophages
The final outcome and goal of properly controlled, successful inflammation is…
a. the initiation of repair b. the removal of foreign bodies c. the initiation of apoptosis d. the recruitment of macrophages
a. the initiation of repair
The type of exudate seen in an uncomplicated blister is ____ but if the blister becomes infected it will become _____.
a. serous, purulent b. fibrinoid, serous c. purulent, serous d. catarrhal, hemorrhagic
a. serous, purulent
The two main vascular changes that occur in inflammation are….
a. vasodilation and increased permeability b. vasoactive amine release and kinin activation c. recognition and recruitment by leukocytes d. coagulation and angiogenesis
a. vasodilation and increased permeability
Without PECAM-1, what step in leukocyte recruitment fails to take place?
a. Margination b. Rolling c. Adhesion d. Transmigration
d. Transmigration
In Sialyl-Lewis X deficiency, what process cannot be completed?
a. Recognition of injury/invaders b. Leukocyte recruitment c. Phagocytosis of bacteria
b. Leukocyte recruitment
In order, the steps of leukocyte recruitment to the tissue are:
a. transmigration, rolling, margination, adhesion b. margination, rolling, transmigration, adhesion c. margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration d. adhesion, margination, rolling, transmigration
c. margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration
The surface of a bacterial cell has been coated with complement protein C3b. This will directly encourage…
a. chemotaxis of eosinophils b. leukocyte recruitment to the tissue c. histamine release into the tissue d. phagocytosis of the microbe
d. phagocytosis of the microbe
A 22 year old diabetic patient has a blister on her foot caused by friction from her shoe. This wound is clean and uninfected, but healing very slowly. What factors will make healing more difficult in this situation?
a. Age of patient b. Foreign bodies c. Diabetes d. Tissue type
c. Diabetes
Peg, a 20-year old female, has rheumatoid arthritic (RA). RA is an autoimmune disease so her immune system is regularly targeting her own tissues, especially her joints which are sustaining a lot of damage over time? What type of inflammation is the patient experiencing?
a. Acute b. Chronic
b. Chronic
PDGF, FGF-2, IL-1, and TGF-β all recruit what kinds of cells to injured tissue?
a. Macrophages b. Fibroblasts c. Neutrophils d. Epithelial cells
b. Fibroblasts
Chemokines are involved in …
a. increased expression of adhesion molecules b. inhibiting neutrophil chemotaxis c. recruiting and activating leukocytes d. acute phase reactions
c. recruiting and activating leukocytes
IL-6 is an important driver of …
a. leukocyte recruitment b. acute phase protein production c. increasing arachidonic acid metabolism d. recruiting fibroblasts
b. acute phase protein production
Healing by first or primary intention will occur in which of the following injuries?
a. A quarter-sized abscess b. A 3 inch wide laceration c. A 1 inch surgical incision d. A bullet wound
c. A 1 inch surgical incision
Scarring occurs because…
a. connective tissue is replaced by normal tissue b. the extracellular matrix is seriously damaged c. no significant tissue loss happened d. the exudate was easily cleared from the wound
b. the extracellular matrix is seriously damaged
Which of the following injuries will heal by secondary intention?
a. A paper cut b. A surgical incision c. A deep scratch d. A large puncture wound
d. A large puncture wound
Which type of cells is able to reproduce rapidly when damage occurs?
a. Labile b. Stable c. Permanent
a. Labile
Complement proteins 56789 together form what defense against microbes?
a. Membrane attack complex (MAC) b. Opsonins c. NETs d. Antimicrobial peptides
a. Membrane attack complex (MAC)
Ulcers involve what kind of tissue?
a. Endocrine b. Endothelial c. Epithelial d. Nervous
c. Epithelial
Histamine is released from…
a. endothelial cells b. mast cells c. neutrophils d. eosinophils
b. mast cells
Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors like NSAIDs and steroid prevent the production of …
a. prostaglandins b. bradykinin c. thrombin d. fibrin
a. prostaglandins
The pink, soft tissue that fills a healing wound after the fibrin clot is called…
a. organized tissue b. platelet aggregation c. granulation tissue c. inflammatory tissue
c. granulation tissue
Exposure to collagen and/or activated platelets activates…
a. neutrophils b. TNF c. Hageman factor d. macrophages
c. Hageman factor
Aging cells are more susceptible to injury because they are….
a. less able to respond to damage b. more likely to respond inappropriately to injury c. better at maintaining homeostasis
a. less able to respond to damage
The two types of cells that perform phagocytosis during inflammation are…
a. eosinophils and basophils b. macrophages and neutrophils c. neutrophils and eosinophils d. macrophages and mast cells
b. macrophages and neutrophils
Opsonization of bacteria and other particles enhances…
a. leukocyte recruitment b. phagocytosis c. inflammation d. cytokine production
b. phagocytosis
Just after they are engulfed, bacteria that have been ingested by phagocytes are inside the …
a. lysosome b. phagosome c. phagolysosome
b. phagosome
A patient with a serious leg wound is suffering from chills, sleepiness, malaise, and increased heart rate. These systemic effects are due to the proteins of the …
a. CXC chemokines b. leukotrienes c. acute phase proteins d. coagulation factors
c. acute phase proteins
Initially, a wound is filled with a …
a. granulation tissue b. a fibrin clot c. fibroblasts d. collagen
b. a fibrin clot
Leukocytosis occurs in the acute phase response, as white blood cells are released from the bone marrow stimulated by cytokines and …
a. chemokine b. colony stimulating factors c. monocytes d. coagulation factors
b. colony stimulating factors
