Exam 2 Flashcards
According to the response to injury theory of the development of atherosclerosis, what follows lipid accumulation in macrophages?
a. Accumulation of lipoproteins b. Chronic endothelial injury c. Smooth muscle recruitment form the media d. Platelet adhesion
c. Smooth muscle recruitment form the media
Andy has a widespread bacterial infection caused by a Gram negative organism. What type of shock is he at risk for?
a. Hypovolemic b. Septic c. Hypervolemic d. Cardiogenic
b. Septic
In the past, Pam has had several ischemic events involving her heart. If we examined the tissue, we would most likely see:
a. Areas of coagulative necrosis b. Small patches of fibrous scarring c. Thrombi in the ventricles d. Liquified tissue
b. Small patches of fibrous scarring
A common form of liquid embolus is caused by:
a. Thrombosis in the veins of the leg b. Brain surgery c. Arrhythmia of the left ventricle of the heart d. Tears in the uterine vein
d. Tears in the uterine vein
Which type of amyloidosis is related to inflammation?
a. Hemodialysis-associated b. Reactive systemic c. Immune origin d. Hereditary systemic
b. Reactive systemic
Rejection of transplants is most often related to what type of hypersensitivity?
a. I b. II c. III d. IV
d. IV
The cytokine that influences lymphocyte proliferation is:
a. IL-6 b. IL-2 c. IL-17 d. IL-15
b. IL-2
A “non-self” molecule is referred to as:
a. Antibody b. Antigen c. Hapten d. Carrier molecule
b. Antigen
What is the descriptor listed below that can be used to describe all amyloid proteins?
a. Truncations b. Heterodimers c. α helixes d. β pleated sheets
d. β pleated sheets
CD8+ cells recognize a viral antigen on the surface of an infected cell and kill it. This is an example of:
a. Innate immunity b. Humoral adaptive immunity c. Cell-mediated adaptive immunity d. Both innate and adaptive
c. Cell-mediated adaptive immunity
The human intestine has a mucosal lining. What type of immunoglobulin would be found there?
a. IgM b. IgG c. IgE d. IgA
d. IgA
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid tissue?
a. Lymph node b. Bone marrow c. Spleen d. MALT
b. Bone marrow
Which type of T cell mediates isotype switching to IgG by releasing cytokines?
a. Th1 b. Th2 c. CTL
b. Th2
B cell activation that results in an anamnestic response requires:
a. CD4+ T cells b. CD8+ T cells c. Antibodies d. Infection
a. CD4+ T cells
Phyllis is infected with Bordetella perussis, but due to previous immunization, her body quickly rids itself of the pathogen. She doesn’t get sick at all. This quick, specific response is characteristic of:
a. Innate immune responses b. Primary immune responses c. Secondary immune responses d. All immune responses
c. Secondary immune responses
A common antigen against which antibodies are mad win SLE is:
a. DNA b. Red blood cells c. Lipids d. Centromere proteins
a. DNA
Dwight needs a kidney transplant. His cousin Mose is a good match. That means Moose and Dwight are at least:
a. ABO compatible b. ABO and HLA-A, B, C, DR, and DQ compatible c. ABO and HLA-A, B, and C compatible d. ABO and HLA-A, B, and DR
d. ABO and HLA-A, B, and DR
Kevin had a bone marrow transplant to treat his leukemia. Weeks later, he is back in the hospital with jaundice, bloody diarrhea, and a rash. his physician is concerned that Kevin has an infection or:
a. Graft versus host disease b. Acute humoral transplant rejection c. Acute cell mediated transplant rejection d. Chronic transplant rejection
a. Graft versus host disease
Cyclosporin A is a common immunosuppressive drug. It acts by:
a. IL-2 receptor interference b. Inhibition of cytotoxic T cell clonal expansion c. Reducing T helper cell lymphokine production d. Blocking T cells with monoclonal antibodies
b. Inhibition of cytotoxic T cell clonal expansion
On which of the following cells would you find MHC I molecules:
a. B cells b. Endothelial cells c. Smooth muscle cells d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Angela is fighting off a bacterial infection. One of the components of her immune system is causing the bacteria to agglutinate, effectively neutralizing them. That component would be:
a. B cells b. T helper cells c. Antibodies d. Macrophages
c. Antibodies
Which of the following conditions is the result of secondary immunodeficiency?
a. AIDS b. SCID c. Bruton disease d. DiGeorge syndrome
a. AIDS
Which of the following cytokines influences hematopoiesis?
a. IL-2 b. TNF c. IFN-𝛄 d. GM-CSF
d. GM-CSF
Which of the following is capable of initiating the formation of a clot?
a. Tissue factor b. Factor Va c. Collagen d. Thrombin
a. Tissue factor
Which of the following causes fluid to leave the vasculature?
a. Increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure b. Increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure c. Increased albumin levels in plasma d. Normal tissue tension
a. Increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure
Which step of normal hemostasis immediately precedes coagulation cascade activation?
a. Secondary hemostasis b. Fibrinolysis c. Vasoconstriction d. Primary hemostasis
d. Primary hemostasis
What molecule below cleaves fibrinogen to make fibrin?
a. Plasmin b. Thrombin c. TTPA d. Antithrombin III
a. Plasmin
Platelet shape changes occur during:
a. Adhesion b. Aggregation c. Activation
c. Activation
Stanley has a blood clot in his leg that is occluding blood flow in a vein His blood pressure is normal. What word best describes what is happening in Stanley’s vein?
a. Hyperemia b. Congestion c. Lymphedema d. Hemorrhage
b. Congestion
In cardiac edema, the major event that causes fluid to leave the vasculature is:
a. Activation of the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system b. Myocardial infarction that causes weak heart pumping c. Loss of albumin through the kidneys d. Cardiac arrhythmia causes blood pooling
a. Activation of the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system
Darryl has a congenital aneurysm that puts him at risk for thrombosis. Which of the states in Virchow’s triad is influenced by Darryl’s aneurysm?
a. Endothelial injury b. Changes in the pattern of flow c. Changes in the constituents of the blood
b. Changes in the pattern of flow
Which of the following is a risk factor for thrombosis?
a. Gender b. Normal weight c. Increased estrogen d. Taking aspirin
c. Increased estrogen
Robert was in a serious skiing accident where he broke both his femurs. After two days in the hospital, he beings to exhibit pulmonary dysfunction and mental agitation. The most likely cause of Robert’s symptoms is:
a. Atheroma embolism b. Fat embolism c. Air embolism d. Nitrogen embolism
b. Fat embolism
Which of the following statements is true:
a. Infarcts lead to ischemia b. Hypoxia leads to ischemia c. Ischemia leads to infarcts d. Ischemia and hypoxia are the same
c. Ischemia leads to infarcts
Acidosis first occurs in which stage of shock?
a. Progressive b. Non-progressive c. Irreversible
a. Progressive
Which of the following is not a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
a. Being male b. Stress c. Age (getting older) d. Taking oral contraceptives
d. Taking oral contraceptives
Dyspnea is:
a. Abnormal breathing b. Gastrointestinal upset c. Abnormal memory d. Abnormal blood flow
a. Abnormal breathing
Splenomegaly is:
a. Fissures of the heart b. Lymph node dysfunction c. Saliva increase d. Enlarged spleen
d. Enlarged spleen
Narrowing of the arteries, usually because of atheroma, is called:
a. Arteriosclerosis b. Arteriostenosis c. Vasoconstriction d. Vasodilation
b. Arteriostenosis
Lymphedema is:
a. Excess fluid in the tissue due to blockage of the “return” system b. Cancer of lymphocyte origin c. Lymphocyte proliferation in the tissue d. Excess fluid in the tissue due to increased plasma oncotic pressure
a. Excess fluid in the tissue due to blockage of the “return” system
Which type of testing involves detection of antibodies and/or antigens?
a. Serology b. PCR c. Lymphocyte counts d. Lymphocyte proliferation assays
a. Serology
