Exam 4 Objectives Flashcards
(41 cards)
Define environmental disease
Disorders caused by exposures to chemicals or physical agents like radiation in the ambient, workplace, or personal environments
Define toxicology
The science of positions Distribution Effects Mechanisms Physical agents Medications can be positions if too much is taken
Define dosage
The amount of exposure to a substance.
Discuss the possible results of exposure to environmental toxins
Skin, lung, or GI absorption -> blood stream transport to tissues -> stored or excreted
Want excreted; stored can be a problem
Cell toxicity, repair, excretion
Discuss the sources and clinical symptoms to lead
Comes from contaminated air, food, and soil contamination; flaking paint
Everyone who is exposed is at risk; especially children
Children absorb more from food, have a more permeable blood brain barrier, taken up into developing bones and teeth because its in competition with calcium.
It interferes with enzymes involved in heme synthesis; causes anemia
Inhibits NA and K dependent ATPases = fragile RBCs
Inhibits bone healing
Discuss the sources and clinical symptoms to mercury
Sources of exposure: fish and dental amalgams (fillings)
Symptoms: tremor, gingivitis, bizarre behavior (“mad as a hatter”), birth defects from in utero exposure
Concerned with methyl mercury not ethyl mercury. Methyl mercury stays in the body. Ethyl mercury can be excreted.
Discuss the sources and clinical symptoms to arsenic
Naturally occurring in soil and water (mining), wood preservatives, herbicides
Large amounts cause GI, cardio, and CNS disturbances due to interference with oxidative phosphorylation - messes up the electron transport chain
Chronic exposure increases risk of basal and squamous cell carcinomas
Define pneumoconiosis and list the etiologic agents which most commonly cause these disorders
Fibrotic changes in the lungs that is not neoplastic or metaplastic due to chronic inflammation
Mineral dust: coal, asbestos, beryllium, smoking tobacco
List the types of cancer linked to cigarette smoking
90% of lung cancers are linked to smoking
Cancer of the mouth, esophagus, larynx, lung, pancreas, and bladder
Other problems: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, MI, peptic ulcer, atherosrerlosis
Explain how emphysema and smoking are linked
1
Describe the mechanisms of ethanol toxicity
Increases in NADH/NAD+ ratio
Leads to fat accumulation in the liver which causes lactic acidosis in smaller amounts
Acetaldehyde increases causes tachycardia and hyperventilation
Metabolism of ethanol releases ROS which causes lipid per oxidation in the liver
Release of endotoxin by GNB in intestine
Define adverse drug reaction
Untoward effects of therapeutic drugs given in proper settings
Explain the effects of cocaine on neurotransmission
Cardiovascular: vasoconstriction, tachycardia, fetal arrhythmias
CNS: seizures
Pregnancy: fetal hypoxia, spontaneous abortion
Contrast primary and secondary malnutrition
Primary: components are missing form the diet, not eating something that you should be
Secondary: malabsorption, impaired utilization of storage or too much is lost. Too high a dietary need
Bowel diseases that won’t let you absorb things correctly.
Compare and contrast Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
Both are protein-energy malnutrition
Marasmus; somatic protein depletion; loss of muscle mass. Visceral protein is protected. Albumin is normal. Emaciation, anemia, vitamin deficiencies, immune deficiency (T -cell deficient)
Kwashiorkor: lack of protein > total caloric reaction. Loss of protein is in the visceral protein. Hypoalbuminemia leads to edema, which masks weight loss. Not enough albumin to maintain fluid balance. Lesions, hair changes, fatty liver, vitamin deficiency, immune defects.
Discuss the function, metabolism and clinical symptoms of deficiency of vitamin A
Functions:
Normal vision at low light (human vision) - night blindness
Differentiation of cells into mucus secretors - end up with metaplasia
Immunity (resistance to infection, diarrhea)
Light protective
Antioxidants
Metabolism:
Ingested in food -> absorbed in small intestine -> transported and stored in the liver -> transported to tissue RBP -> oxidized to retinoid acid in peripheral tissues
Deficiency: Night blindness Xerophthalmia Squamous metaplasia of URT Immune deficiency
Toxicity
Acute: hedge, vomiting, dizziness, blurred vision, stupor
Chronic: weight loss, anorexia, nausea, bone pain, joint pain, risk of fracture
Discuss the function, metabolism and clinical symptoms of deficiency of vitamin D
Function: maintaining normal plasma levels of Ca and P - important for bone maintenance Stimulates intestinal absorption of Ca Stimulates Ca resorption in the kidney Works with PTH to regulate blood Ca Promotes mineralization of bone
Metabolism:
Absorption or production -> alpha1 globulin binding and transport to liver -> conversation to 25-OH-D in liver -> conversion to 1,25-(OH)-D in kidney -> functions
Deficiency: Rickets (in children) Osteomalacia (in adults) Weakens nones More cartilage at the epiphysis - in children Masses of cartilage in marrow cavity Disrupted cartilage placement Too many capillaries and fibroblasts trying to heal weak and injured zones Deformation fo skeleton
Discuss the function, metabolism and clinical symptoms of deficiency of vitamin C
Functions: biosynthesis
Activation of enzymes that hydroxylated pro collagen, making for strong collagen
Antioxidant
Metabolism: Absorption
Deficiency:
Scurry - poor vessel support; bleeding from gums, skin, and joints
Impaired healing and adequate bone matrix formation
Define obesity
Increased body weight due to adipose tissue accumulation that is of sufficient magnitude to produce adverse health effects
List factors that may affect weight
Genetics Environment Psychologic Microbiome Biochemistry Location of fat stores
Discuss the function of leptin
Linked to fat stored being enough
Induces signals to reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure
Mutations can cause massive obesity
List clinical conditions that are linked to obesity
Insulin resistance High triglycerides and low HDL Certain cancers: esophagus, endometrium, gallbladder, kidney NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) Gallbladder stone increase Respiratory problems Osteoarthritis Inflammation (chronic)
List two essential roles of the microbiota in healthy individuals
Crowding out pathogens
Extracting energy and nutrients from food
Discuss ways that human micro biome research may eventually influence clinical practice
Clinical monitoring and maybe management of your microbiome
