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Mechanisms of Disease BLD 204 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A scar is mostly made up of:

a. Granulation tissue 
b. Vascular tissue
c. Connective tissue
d. Nervous tissue
A

c. Connective tissue

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2
Q

Henry’s lungs are constantly irritated by smog in the city where he lives. The normal columnar epithelial cells in his lungs have been replaced by squamous epithelial cells. This adaptation to the stress of inhaling smog is called:

a. Hyperplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Hypertrophy
d. Hypoplasia
A

b. Metaplasia

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3
Q

Homeostasis refers to a cell’s maintenance of a:

a. Phospholipid membrane
b. Active cytoskeleton 
c. Constant size
d. Steady State
A

d. Steady State

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4
Q

Ben had a serious case of meningitis which damaged his brain, leading to necrosis. Which type of necrosis would be observed during an evaluation of the damaged tissue?

a. Liquefactive
b. Coagulative
c. Caseous
d. Fibrinoid
A

a. Liquefactive

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5
Q

During apoptosis, the cell as a whole:

a. Shrinks
b. Stays the same size
c. Swells
d. Flattens
A

a. Shrinks

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6
Q

Why does necrosis result in inflammation while apoptosis does not?

a. Cell contents spill out in necrosis
b. Phagocytosis happens in necrosis
c. Caspases are anti-inflammation cytokines
d. Necrosis is followed by netosis
A

a. Cell contents spill out in necrosis

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7
Q

Due to increased oxidative stress, DNA damage in a cell becomes extensive. This triggers the ____ apoptosis pathway.

a. Mitochondrial 
b. Death receptor 
c. Cytotoxic
d. Inflammatory
A

a. Mitochondrial

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8
Q

The swelling seen in inflammation is a direct result of:

a. Increased hematopoiesis 
b. Vasodilation 
c. Increased vascular permeability 
d. Increased pressure in the tissue
A

c. Increased vascular permeability

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9
Q

One important difference between healing by first intention and healing by second intention is:

a. The presence of sound contraction 
b. The presence of granulation tissue
c. The presence of a clot 
d. The presence of fibroblasts
A

a. The presence of sound contraction

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10
Q

Bob inhales respiratory droplets from the sneeze of a person infected with influenza. Two days later, Bob develops a high fever, body aches, sore throat and a cough. The influenza virus in those sneeze droplets would be:

a. The pathogenesis of his illness
b. The prognosis of his illness
c. The etiology of his illness
A

c. The etiology of his illness

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11
Q

One cause of the pain experienced at the site of inflammation is:

a. Prostaglandins
b. Reactive oxygen species 
c. Chemokines
d. Acute phase proteins
A

a. Prostaglandins

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12
Q

The final outcome of a successful inflammatory response will be:

a. The cardinal signs of inflammation 
b. Elimination of the cause and repair of the tissues
c. Antibody production and memory 
d. Recruitment of large numbers of leukocytes
A

b. Elimination of the cause and repair of the tissues

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13
Q

What is metabolized in arachidonic acid metabolism? In other words, what is the source of arachidonic acid metabolites?

a. Hageman factor 
b. Cell membranes
c. Complement
d. COX enzymes
A

b. Cell membranes

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14
Q

The major difference between transudates and exudates is:

a. Protein content 
b. Source of fluid
c. Location in body 
d. Amount of fluid
A

a. Protein content

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15
Q

Complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 together form:

a. Histamine in mast cells
b. Opsonization complex
c. Antibodies in lymphocytes
d. Membrane attack complexes
A

d. Membrane attack complexes

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16
Q

Which of the following cytokines is an important driver of the acute phase response?

a. IL-1
b. IL-8
c. IL-13
d. IL-6
A

a. IL-1

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17
Q

Which of the following cells belong to a labile cell population?

a. Nerve cells
b. Kidney tubule cells
c. Hematopoietic stem cells
d. Auditory hair cells
A

c. Hematopoietic stem cells

18
Q

Leroy cut his foot on a seashell while walking on a beach in Maine. It was a slicing wound, and the cut was not very deep. What will fill the wound first?

a. A blood clot 
b. New blood vessels
c. Large numbers of fibroblasts 
d. ECM dominated by collagen
A

a. A blood clot

19
Q

Growth factors involved in angiogenesis include the:

a. VEGF family 
b. TGF family 
c. Interleukin family 
d. Chemokine family
A

a. VEGF family

20
Q

Ellen spilled lye, a strong base, on her hands. Within a few minutes, her hands were red, swollen, and very painful. This type of injury is:

a. Chemical 
b. Physical 
c. Immune 
d. Genetic
A

a. Chemical

21
Q

Which of the five cardinal signs of inflammation below is not caused by vasoactive amines?

a. Redness
b. Heat
c. Loss of function 
d. Swelling
A

c. Loss of function

22
Q

A toddler’s ear infection that lasts three days is a(n):

a. Acute infection 
b. Chronic infection
A

a. Acute infection

23
Q

A bacterial infection that resists immune response and treatment is a(n):

a. Acute infection 
b. Chronic infection
A

b. Chronic infection

24
Q

A constant exposure to a lung irritant like dust in the workplace is a(n):

a. Acute infection 
b. Chronic infection
A

b. Chronic infection

25
Q

Which of the following can be caused by increased cytosolic calcium?

a. Damage to membranes
b. Damage to the nucleus
c. ATP depletion 
d. All of the above
A

d. All of the above

26
Q

Which of the following happens to the nucleus during apoptosis?

a. Nuclear fragmentation 
b. Karyolysis
c. Chromatin condensation 
d. Swelling and blebbing
A

c. Chromatin condensation

27
Q

The major cells involved in granulomatous inflammation caused by tuberculosis are:

a. Mast cells
b. Macrophages
c. Neutrophils
d. Fibroblasts
A

b. Macrophages

28
Q

In the extracellular matrix, _____ gives strength while _____ helps made connection between cells.

a. Collagen, laminin
b. Elastin, laminin 
c. Integrins, elastin 
d. Fibronectin, hyaluronan
A

a. Collagen, laminin

29
Q

Choose the correct order of the steps of leukocyte migration out of blood vessels to site of a problem.

a. Rolling, transmigration, adhesion, chemotaxis
b. Chemotaxis, rolling, transmigration, adhesion
c. Rolling, adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis
d. Rolling, transmigration, chemotaxis, adhesion

A

c. Rolling, adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis

30
Q

Without ICAM-1, which step of leukocyte recruitment would not occur, halting all other downstream steps? Choose the step that could not happen, not the downstream steps that would also be blocked.

a. Rolling
b. Stable adhesion 
c. Margination 
d. Transmigration
A

b. Stable adhesion

31
Q

The “second wave” of cells which increase in number during inflammation are:

a. Macrophages
b. Mast cells
c. Neutrophils
d. Lymphocytes
A

a. Macrophages

32
Q

A neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) is made from which organelle?

a. Mitochondria
b. Nucleus
c. Endoplasmic reticulum 
d. Lysosome
A

b. Nucleus

33
Q

Of the steps below, which would come second during the process of phagocytosis?

a. Microbes binding to phagocyte receptors
b. Degradation of microbes by lysosomal enzymes
c. Formation of the phagolysosome 
d. Surrounding of the microbe by the phagocyte membrane
A

d. Surrounding of the microbe by the phagocyte membrane

34
Q

Antibodies and C3b act as:

a. Anaphylatoxins
b. Cytokines
c. Opsonins
d. Leukotrienes
A

c. Opsonins

35
Q

What is produced in the phagolysosome which helps to destroy bacteria and other ingested particles?

a. Cytokines
b. Reactive oxygen species
c. Complement proteins
d. Histamine
A

b. Reactive oxygen species

36
Q

What does leukopenia mean ?

a. Condition with too little volume (for example, blood)
b. Fat loving 
c. Deficiency of white blood cells
d. Generation of cells
e. Pertaining to the tail
A

c. Deficiency of white blood cells

37
Q

What does cytopoiesis mean?

a. Condition with too little volume (for example, blood)
b. Fat loving 
c. Deficiency of white blood cells
d. Generation of cells
e. Pertaining to the tail
A

d. Generation of cells

38
Q

What does lipophilic mean?

a. Condition with too little volume (for example, blood)
b. Fat loving 
c. Deficiency of white blood cells
d. Generation of cells
e. Pertaining to the tail
A

b. Fat loving

39
Q

What does caudal mean?

a. Condition with too little volume (for example, blood)
b. Fat loving 
c. Deficiency of white blood cells
d. Generation of cells
e. Pertaining to the tail
A

e. Pertaining to the tail

40
Q

What does hypovolemia mean?

a. Condition with too little volume (for example, blood)
b. Fat loving 
c. Deficiency of white blood cells
d. Generation of cells
e. Pertaining to the tail
A

a. Condition with too little volume (for example, blood)

41
Q

Which of the following is a clinical lab test commonly used as a measure of inflammation?

a. Serum C-reactive protein 
b. Measurement of Hageman factor 
c. Prothrombin time
d. Complete blood count
A

a. Serum C-reactive protein

Mechanisms of Disease BLD 204 (9 decks)

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