practice problem info

Question 1

The byproduct of an addition of a dNTP to the growing 3’ end of a nucleic acid is

Answer 1

pyrophosphate

Question 2

The chemical difference between ATP and dATP is

Answer 2

dATP has a hydrogen at the 2’C of the pentose sugar whereas ATP has a hydroxyl
group at the 2’C of the pentose sugar

Question 3

do base pairs have charge? if so what and why?

Answer 3

yes. negative becasue of phosphate groups

Question 4

what makes a DNA strand easy/hard to denature

Answer 4

more h-bonds (g-c) = harder
longer = harder

Question 5

Enzymes that “charge” tRNAs by catalyzing the addition of the appropriate amino acid to the 3’-OH
group of the tRNA are called

Answer 5

aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

Question 6

do bacteria or eukaria have promoters?

Answer 6

BOTH. THEY BOTH NEED THEM

Question 7

true/false: rRNA codons have the same catalytic activity that joins amino acids

Answer 7

TRUE (rRNA in the ribosomes needs to be able to join amino acids)

Question 8

what are the three different mRNA codons that are not recognized by any of the anticodon sequences of
the tRNAs in the cell during translation called?

Answer 8

STOP codons

Question 9

what recognizes stop codons in eukariotes

Answer 9

release factors

Question 10

3’-AGGCTCA-5’

what is template vs coding strand?

Answer 10

3’-AGGCTCA-5’ CODING
5’-TCCGAGT-5’ TEMPLATEs

Question 11

what makes mutations more/less likely to be harmful for an organism

Answer 11

more harmful:
- anything that changes reading frame
- anything that is going to SIGNIFICANTLY change the resulting amino acid sequence

less harmful:
- deletion/substitution that doesnt change reading frame