days 1- 2 Flashcards
cell
basic unit from which a living organism is made; consists of an aquious solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrain
cell theory
- all organisms consist of one or more cells
- cell is the basic unit of structure + organization for all organisms
- cells only arise from preexisting cells
3 domains of life
bacteria, archaea, eucharia
plasma membrain
made up of proteins + lipids. separates cell from everything else (outside of the cell)
cytoplasm
contents of cells, devided into cytosol and organells
cytosol
aquious solution in the cytoplasm of a cell
organelle
(in eukaryotes) a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell (like organs of the cell)
why is compartmentalization (in eukaryotes) advantageous?
- helps w/efficiency
- creates gradients (concentration, electrical, ion etc)
- allows specialization
- protection of DNA in nuclious
nucleous
contains + protects DNA in cells
nuclear envelope
2 lipid bilayers, contains nuclear pores (allows material in/out of nucleus)
peroxisome
protects the cell from free radicals.
- converts H2O2 into H2O and H+
- metabolizes fatty acids, some amino acids, toxic substances
- abundent in liver + kidney cells
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
interconnected membranous tubules and sacs
devided into rough and smooth ER
rough ER
contains rhibosomes (does protein synthesis), closer to nucleus
smooth ER
no rhibosomes, does lipid synthesis, located outside of rough ER (closer to exterior of cell)
golgi apparatus
processes + packages proteins for secretion, synthesizes sugars to modify lipids + proteins
exocytosis
process of vesicle fusing + secreting proteins/sugars to out of cell
lysosome
contains hydrolysis enzymes which digest macromolecules.
- digesting substances taken from outside of cell (endocytosis)
- autophagy: digesting material from inside cell
cytoskeleton
gives cell shape + internal organization, made of proteins
3D array of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
mitochondria
ATP production through cellular resperation
- has its own circular DNA
- inner + outer membrane
- self-replicating
christae
fold in inner membrane, cite of electron transfer system (making ATP)
endosymbiotic theory
archaea + bacteria = eukarya
bacteria turned into organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts
macromolecule
polymer of a large molecular mass built from covalently-linked subunits (monomers)
sugar (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule
polysacharides/carbohydrates
fatty acids (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule
fats and membrain lipids
amino acids (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule
proteins
nucleotides (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule
nucleic acids
catabolism
the breakdown of molecules for energy + useful small molecules used as building blocks
anabolism
uses energy to fuel the biosynthesis of molecules that form the cell
exergonic reaction
-deltaG (energy is released spontaneously)
spontanious reaction
when energy is released in a reaction and it is energetically favorable for the reaction to happen. does NOT mean the reaction WILL happen, just that it CAN
endergonic reaction
+deltaG (energy required for reaction, non-spontanious)
catalyst
lowers the activation energy needed for a specific reaction, does NOT change a reaction from non-spontanious to spontanious
activated carrier
provides energy for energetically unfavorable reactions (non-spontanious)
O
//
— C — O
carboxyl (overall negative charge)
O
//
— O — P — O
/
O
phosphate (overall negative charge)
— NH3
amino group (overall positive charge)
— OH
hydroxyl (overall neutral charge)
— SH
sulfhydryl (overall neutral charge)
