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intro cell + molec bio > friday week 2 > Flashcards

friday week 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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2
Q

translation

A

RNA to protiens

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3
Q

gene expression

A

the flow of information in a cell from a DNA encoded gene to a functional protein or RNA product

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4
Q

classes of RNA

A
  1. messenger RNA
  2. rhibosomal RNA
  3. transfer RNA
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5
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA.

mRNA is translated into protein

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6
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

an essential part of the ribosome. where protein synthesis occurs (mixture of RNA + proteins, RNA does the work protien for structure)

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7
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

intermediary molecule in the translaton of mRNA to protein

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8
Q

operon

A

a group of genes transcribed together to form one large protien

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9
Q

polycistronic

A

mRNA moolecule from operon transcription (multiple rhibosomes producing on one DNA strand)

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10
Q

promoter

A

sequence where RNA polymerase (and general transcription factors) binds to start/innitiate transcription

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11
Q

operator

A

sequence bound by regulatory protein that modifies gene expression levels

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12
Q

terminator

A

sequence of DNA at which RNA polymerase stops transcribing

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13
Q

general transcription factors (GTFs)

A

GTFs (along with RNA polymerase) binds promotors to initiate transcription

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14
Q

transcription factors (DNA binding proteins)

A

transcription factors regulate gene expression by binding to enhancer and silencer sequences to activate or repress transcription.

determins when/where/how much transcription occurs for a specific gene

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15
Q

5’ UTR

A

region of mRNA upstream of the start codon that is not translated (still transcribed)

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16
Q

3’ UTR

A

region of mRNA downstream of the start codon that is not translated (still transcribed)

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17
Q

exons

A

section of transcribed mRNA that can be translated. encode amino acid sequences

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18
Q

introns

A

section of transcribed mRNA that act as intervening non-coding sequences. get spliced out of mRNA strands and are thus not translated

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19
Q

which direction does translation go

A

5’ to 3’

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20
Q

do you use the top or bottom strand to do transcription

A

either! you just go a different direction when you use top/bottom strand

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21
Q

coding strand

A

strand that matches the mRNA strand

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22
Q

template strand

A

strand that complements the mRNA strand

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23
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzymatic protein complex that unzips the DNA for transcription.

doesnt need helicase or primer

24
Q

how does RNA polymerase get its energy

A

phosphoanhydride bond from NTP (nucleotriphosphate, aka incoming nucleotide)

25
Q

where does RNA go after its built

A

RNA is not attached to the template DNA and eventually leaves nucleous to go to cytoplasm as mRNA

26
Q

steps of bacterial transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase innitiates transcription at the promoter (binds at promoter)
  2. RNA polymerase moves along template strand in a 3’ to 5’ direction SYNTHESIZING complementary RNA strand in a 5’ to 3’ direction
  3. transcription stops and RNA polymerase ‘falls off’ at the terminator sequence
27
Q

general transcription factor (eukaryotic transcription)

A

TF2D subunit, TATA binding protien (TBP) binds to tata box in the promoter

28
Q

how transcription process starts

A

general transcription factors + RNA polymerase 2 are recruited to the promoter to form the transcription initiation complex:

-TF2D phosphorylates the tail of RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription

  • TATA binding proteins bind to DNA which signals everything else to come in and start transcription (building transcription initiation complex)
29
Q

three steps of RNA transcription

A
  1. RNA processing converts a pre-mRNA to a mature mRNA
  2. pre-mRNAs are capped, spliced, and polyadenylated
  3. mature mRNA is exported from nucleous
30
Q

mRNA capping

A

the 5’ end of an mRNA is capped with a 7-Meg modified nucleotide with unusual 5’ to 5’ linkage

31
Q

what is the purpoes of mRNA capping

A

adds stability to RNA molecule. is required for mRNA export from the nucleous + is important in translation

32
Q

mRNA polyadenylation

A

mRNA is cleaned and poly-A polymerase (PAP) adds A’s to the 3’ OH end of the RNA molecule

33
Q

what is the purpoes of mRNA polyadenylation

A

poly-A tail protects mRNA from degradation and influences translation

34
Q

mRNA splicing

A

process of removing the introns so they are not translated into protein(s)

35
Q

what is the slicesome made of

A

composed of snRNPs (small nuclear RNAs and proteins)

snRNAs of the splicesome are rhibosomes, RNA acts as the catalyst

36
Q

process that occurs in slicesome (go through steps)

A
  1. splicesome catalizes formation of a lariet structure
  2. the 5’ and 3’ splice sites are cleaved and the two exon ends are joined
  3. intron is degraded
37
Q

what happens post capping, polyadenation, splicing…

A
  1. mRNA is complete in the nucleous + protiens bind to it to signal sites
  2. mRNA exits the nucleous through nuclear poors
  3. proteins on mRNA swap with proteins that innitiate protein synthesis
  4. TRANSLATION OCCURS
38
Q

genetic code

A

the way in which a sequence of 20+ things is determined by a sequence of four things of a different type. the basis for how genetics work.

genetic code is nearly universal accross all species

39
Q

codon

A

section of 3 bases. sequences of 3 bases (codons) are the basic units of the genetic code.

40
Q

what does a codon do

A

codes for a single amino acid or a ‘‘stop”

41
Q

how many codons code for an amino acid

A

depends! some amino acids have 5+ codons that code for them, others have only one

42
Q

what does it mean that the genetic code is redundent/degenerative

A

multiple codons can code for one amino acid

43
Q

reading frames

A

where one starts to ‘read’ the mRNA sequence. 3 reading frames on each mRNA molecule. the different frames are the first three letters present in the sequence. when you start at different reading frames, you get different codons which code for different amino acids

44
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

adaptor between the mRNA codon and the amino acid

45
Q

anticodon

A

tRNA version of mRNA codon which then covalently bind w/amino acid (tRNA anticodons build 5’ to 3’ which is 3’ to 5’ of the mRNA sequence)

46
Q

what does the anticodon do

A

recognizes codon of mRNA and then the corresponding amino acid is covalently attached to the 3’ OH end of tRNA

47
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA sythetase

A

‘charges’ tRNAs with amino acid.

  • amino acid + tRNA bonded by acyl linkage/bond VERY high energy
  • tRNA binds to its codon in mRNA

result: amino acid is selected by its codon

48
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis organelle of the cell made up of RNA and proteins. most exist in cytosol but specialized others are attached to the ER. RNA does most of the work (protein is just there for structure)

49
Q

exit cite

A

site where tRNAs that have donate their amino acid exit the ribosome

50
Q

peptidyl site

A

makes peptide bond (from acyl bond) + binds the tRNA’s attached amino acid with the growing amino acid chain attached

51
Q

aminoacyl site

A

where ‘charged’ tRNA enters the ribosome in protein sythesis

52
Q

how does ribosome find/form around the right spot of mRNA?

A

bacterial mRNA has a ribosomal bonding site.

eukaryotic mRNA has a 5’ cap (put on during capping, before splicing) that is recognized by proteins that recruit ribosome

53
Q

translation innitiation

A

initiator tRNA always carries methionine which recognizes the AUG sequence as start codon

  1. met-tRNA and small subunits are recruited at cap of mRNA by eukaryotic initiation factores e(IFs). THIS IS TO START BUILDING RHIBOSOME
54
Q

translation termination (stop codons are not regonized by tRNA)

A

release factors bind to stop codon and catalize the hydrolosis of the polypeptide from the last tRNA, then ribosomal subunits (the proteins that make it up) dissacociate

55
Q

polysome

A

a complex of multiple ribosomes on a single mRNA strand (closed circle model of translation, more efficient and can produce many of the same sequence of proteins at the same time)

intro cell + molec bio (14 decks)

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