post worksheet(s)

Question 1

ta BLANK reaction involves the formation of covalent bonds and the creation of water

Answer 1

CONDENSATION

Question 2

a BLANK type of bond is formed when two monosacharides combine to form a disacharide

Answer 2

glycocydic

Question 3

homodimer

Answer 3

two of the same protein combined to make one large portein that does one function

Question 4

homotetramer

Answer 4

four of the same protein combined to make one large protein that does one function

Question 5

heterotetramer

Answer 5

protein made up of four smaller and different polypeptide chains

Question 6

homotetramer

Answer 6

protein made up of four identical smaller proteins

Question 7

what kind of bond is a disulfide bond?

Answer 7

covalent

Question 8

2 ways enzymes are regulated

Answer 8

y non-covalent interactions with effector molecules and reversible covalent modifications, like phosphorylation

Question 9

are peptide bonds IMFs?

Answer 9

no no no. only:
london forces
hydrogen bonds
electrostatic attraction
hydrophilic/phobic

Question 10

A series of enzymes catalyzes reaction X - Y - Z - A. The enzyme Yoda converts X to Y. You suspect that product A may regulate Yoda’s activity, as you observe that Yoda’s activity decreases when
the concentration of A increases. Describe two ways in which product A may decrease Yoda’s activity.
Explain your answer.

Answer 10

the first way in which product A may decrease yoda’s activity would be if it was a competitive inhibitor of yoda. this would mean that product A and yoda were constantly competing for the active sit of product Z so the more product A that is produced, the more competition between the two competitors and activity level of yoda decreases due to this competition.

the second way in which product A could decrease yoda’s activity would be through allosteric inhibition. this would mean that product A was an allosteric (as opposed to competitive) inhibitor and that, when produced, it would stop yoda from being able to bond succesfully with X or Y (we dont know exactly how it catalizes the reaction) as the active site would be the wrong shape due to the presence of the bonded allosteric inhibitor

Question 11

evidence for endosymbiosis

Answer 11

1. double membrane
2. ability to self reproduce
3. its own dna

Question 12

how to distinguish if an enzyme is being inhibited by allosteric or competitive inhibition

Answer 12

observe the bound enzyme and see if the compound is bound to the active site (same site as the substrate) or the allosteric site.

Question 13

why is fermentation important to/for the cell?

Answer 13

the process of fermentation creates more NAD+ which is needed for glycolysis

Question 14

two common ways to provide energy for active transport

Answer 14

ATP and Na+coupled

Question 15

which stage of ‘digestion’ produces the most energy (ATP)

Answer 15

oxidative phosphorilation AT END

Question 16

what makes a phospholipid more or less mobile?

Answer 16

double bonds (kinks) in phospholipids create more bends and flexibility in the phospholipid.

LESS carbons = MORE mobile
MORE double bonds = MORE mobile

Question 17

provide a classic example of a symport. name it and explain its function.

Answer 17

classec example of a symport is the glucose pump which moves glucose UP its concentration gradient and is able to do this by moving a Na+ ion in the same direction as the glucose but doen the Na+’s concentration gradient

Question 18

describe ATP synthase and explain both its function and how it functions

Answer 18

ATP synthase is an enzyme located on the inner mitochondrial membrane which harnesses the electrochemical gradient across this membrane to create ATP by allowing H+ ions to move down their electrochemical gradient (releasing energy) which spins a turbine-like structure which captures the released energy in order to fuse an inorganic phosphate to ADP, forming ATP

Question 19

do you need oxygen for…

the electron transport chain?
ATP synthase
anything functioning similarly to ATP synthase

Answer 19

yes!
yes!
yes!

electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase is created by the electron transport chain which requires oxygen (otherwise fermentation happens)

Question 20

how much ATP does one NADH make

Answer 20

2.5 ATP

Question 21

how much ATP does one FADH2 make

Answer 21

1.5 ATP

Question 22

3 principle stages of immuno/western blot

Answer 22

electroblotting, immunoblotting, detection

Question 23

SDS-PAGE (in immunoblot)

Answer 23

denatured proteins are seperated by size (mass)

Question 24

steps of immuno/westerblotting

Answer 24

1. denatured proteins are seperated by size and transfered to a seperate membrane
2. antibodies are added to bind to specific protein(s)
3. secondary antibodies are added which bind to primary ones and are often labeled (reporter enzymes) to be easily seen (change in color, light)

Question 25

sodium (Na+) - glucose transpoter

Answer 25

this is a symport.

one Na+ goes down it concentration grade ad the energy released from this energetically favorable reaction is used to bring the glucose along with the Na+ (up its concentration gradient) both the Na+ and glucose go through the transporter at the same time and one cannot go without the other

Question 26

snRNPs (function)

Answer 26

recognize intron sequence of nucleotides and binds to mRNA to cut out introns