PRACTICE EXAM Flashcards
where are the bodies of first-order neurons that conduct pain and thermal information from the face located?
a. ventral posterior medial nucleus
b. brainstem
c. thalamus
d. trigeminal ganglia and ganglia of cranial nerves VII, IX, and X
d. trigeminal ganglia and ganglia of cranial nerves VII, IX, and X
which perception is an example of hyperalgesia?
a. pain following a small paper cut
b. pain following sunburn
c. sensitivity to innocuous stimulus like the sound of scratching a plate with a fork
d. increased sensitivity to light during a migraine episode
e. increased sensitivity to temperature after sunburn
e. increased sensitivity to temperature after sunburn
in a muscle with a high gain, a _______ stretch of a muscle would lead to _______ increase in extrafusal muscle tension.
a. small; a small
b. small; a large
c. small; no
d. large; a small
e. large; no
b. small; a large
as a person squats, the quadriceps muscles contract. At the same time, the respective Golgi tendon organs _______ their firing rate, and the intrafusal muscle fibers _______ their firing rate.
a. increase; increase
b. increase; decrease
c. decrease; decrease
d. decrease; increase
e. decrease; level off
b. increase; decrease
which symptom would you expect a person with damage to the fovea to experience?
a. total blindness
b. poor peripheral vision
c. difficulty seeing large objects
d. trouble reading
e. increased sensitivity to light
d. trouble reading
how would the firing of an ON-center ganglion cell respond as a light moved from the edge of the receptor field to the center of the receptive field?
a. it would increase.
b. it would decrease.
c. it would increase then decrease.
d. it would decrease then increase.
e. there would be no change.
a. it would increase.
why is it important that vestibular hair cell transduction channels are open at rest?
a. to maintain separation of perilymph and endolymph.
b. to allow hair cells to signal both increases and decreases.
c. to permit movement of stereocilia in either direction.
d. so that transmitter is released only when stereocilia move toward the kinocilium.
e. to facilitate vestibular nerve firing only when the head changes position.
b. to allow hair cells to signal both increases and decreases.
due to the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which muscles contract when the head moves to the right?
a. left lateral rectus and right medial rectus.
b. left lateral rectus and left medial rectus.
c. right lateral rectus and left medial rectus.
d. right lateral rectus and right medial rectus.
e. left lateral rectus and right lateral rectus.
a. left lateral rectus and right medial rectus.
which statement correctly summarizes the gate theory of pain?
a. flow of ascending pain information is modified by stimulation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors.
b. flow of ascending pain information is modified by stimuli from cortical centers.
c. flow of ascending pain information is modified by stimuli from brainstem centers.
d. descending inputs from pain centers indirectly modify the activity of dorsal horn projection neurons by acting on local circuit neurons.
e. descending inputs from pain centers directly modify the activity of dorsal horn projection neurons.
a. flow of ascending pain information is modified by stimulation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors.
applying a drug that increases cGMP levels in photoreceptors would cause which effect on a photoreceptor’s response to a photon of light?
a. an intensified depolarization from normal
b. an attenuated depolarization from normal
c. an intensified hyperpolarization from normal
d. an attenuated hyperpolarization from normal
e. there would be no effect
d. an attenuated hyperpolarization from normal
how does the body maintain posture and balance via the vestibulospinal reflex?
a. inhibitory signals are sent to extensor muscles in the trunk and limbs via the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
b. excitatory signals are sent to extensor muscles in the trunk and limbs via the vestibulospinal tracts.
c. excitatory signals are sent to flexor muscles in the trunk and limbs via the vestibulospinal tracts.
d. excitatory signals are sent to extensor muscles in the trunk and limbs via the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
e. inhibitory signals are sent to extensor muscles in the trunk and limbs via the vestibulospinal tracts.
b. excitatory signals are sent to extensor muscles in the trunk and limbs via the vestibulospinal tracts.
