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MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 2 > MODULE 6- ARPIN STUDY GUIDE > Flashcards

MODULE 6- ARPIN STUDY GUIDE Flashcards

1
Q

different parts of the retina

A

-macula (fovea)
-optic disc (blind spot)

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2
Q

different types of neurons in the retina (5)

A

-photoreceptors (rods + cones)
-bipolar cells
-ganglion cells
-horizontal cells
-amacrine cells

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3
Q

direct path of light

A

photoreceptors (rods/cones) ->
bipolar cells->
ganglion cells

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4
Q

what makes the optic nerve

A

axons of ganglion cells

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5
Q

horizontal connections

A

-horizontal cells
-amacrine cells

^make horizontal connections between photoreceptors/ganglion cells

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6
Q

photoreceptors depolarize/hyperpolarize to light

A

hyperpolarize

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7
Q

do photoreceptors have APs

A

no

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8
Q

membrane potential response to light intensities is ____

A

graded

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9
Q

electrical activity of photoreceptors is depends on what 2 types of channels

A

-K+ channels
-cGMP-gated Na+/Ca2+ channels

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10
Q

K+ channels are always open/closed

A

open

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11
Q

steps in phototransduction

A

light stimulus ->
absorption of photos leads to decrease in cGMP levels ->
closing of Na/Ca channels (gated by cGMP) ->
reduction of Na+/Ca+ influx ->
receptor hyperpolarization

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12
Q

dark- photoreceptors membrane potential

A

~40mV

-due to Na+ and Ca2+ influx which acts to depolarize and K+ efflux which acts to hyperpolarize

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13
Q

light- what happens to photoreceptors

A

hyperpolarize
-due to reduced Ca+/Ca2+ influx and continued K+ efflux

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14
Q

rods/cones have greater sensitivity to low light intensity

A

rods

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15
Q

response in rods do what in bright conditions

A

saturate

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16
Q

cones

A

response to 3 different wavelengths of light -> color vision

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17
Q

are there rods/cones on fovea

A

lots of cones
-no rods

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18
Q

greater convergence from rods -> bipolar -> ganglion cells

A
19
Q

scotopic

A

night vision
-rods

20
Q

photopic

A

daylight/color vision
-cones

21
Q

ON + OFF-center bipolar cells have different ____

A

glutamate receptors

22
Q

the connection between photoreceptor + bipolar cell is sign inverting/conserving for ON-center cell

A

inverting

23
Q

the connection between photoreceptor + bipolar cell is sign inverting/conserving for OFF-center cell

A

conserving

24
Q

ON-center receptor

A

mGluR6 receptor

25
Q

OFF-center receptor

A

AMPA receptor

26
Q

light- ON-center bipolar cell

A

hyperpolarize photoreceptor ->
reduce glutamate from photoreceptor ->
depolarize ON-center bipolar cell (sign inverting)

27
Q

light- OFF-center bipolar cell

A

hyperpolarize photoreceptor ->
reduce glutamate from photoreceptor ->
hyperpolarize OFF-center bipolar cell (sign conserving)

28
Q

dark- ON-center bipolar cell

A

depolarize photoreceptor ->
glutamate release from photoreceptor ->
hyperpolarize ON-center bipolar cell (sign inverting)

29
Q

dark- OFF-center bipolar cell

A

depolarize photoreceptor ->
glutamate release from photoreceptor ->
depolarize OFF-center bipolar cell (sign conserving)

30
Q

where do retinal ganglion cells project (4)

A

-hypothalamus
-pretectum
-superior colliculus
-lateral geniculate nucleus

31
Q

hypothalamus is responsible for

A

circadian rhythm

32
Q

pretectum is responsible for

A

pupil reflex

33
Q

superior colliculus is responsible for

A

eye movements

34
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus is responsible for

A

part of main pathway for visual perception

35
Q

striate cortex + primary visual cortex are/aren’t directly connected to retinal ganglion cells

A

ARENT

36
Q

LGN projects to what

A

layer 4 of primary visual cortex to ocular dominance columns

37
Q

neurons in same cortical columns have what

A

same receptive field/response preferences

38
Q

visual cortex neurons have

A

preferred orientation

39
Q

extrastriate visual areas

A

-ventral stream
-dorsal stream

40
Q

ventral stream

A

what

41
Q

dorsal stream

A

where

42
Q

ventral stream- what temporal area

A

inferior temporal cortex
-area V4

43
Q

dorsal stream- what temporal area

A

medial temporal area
-MT

MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 2 (15 decks)

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