MODULE 7- ARPIN STUDY GUIDE

Question 1

movement of stereocilia toward kinocilium depolarizes/hyperpolarizes the hair cell

Answer 1

depolarizes

Question 2

movement of stereocilia away from the kinocilium depolarizes/hyperpolarizes the hair cell

Answer 2

hyperpolarizes

Question 3

what occurs from some tonic release of neurotransmitter in the absence of stimulation

Answer 3

baseline firing rate in vestibular nerve

Question 4

otolith organs

Answer 4

-utricle
-saccule

Question 5

what are otolith organs sensitive to

Answer 5

-linear accelerations
-head tilt

Question 6

where are hair cells located

Answer 6

the macular

Question 7

how is utricle macular oriented

Answer 7

horizontally

Question 8

how is saccule macular oriented

Answer 8

vertically

Question 9

striola

Answer 9

divides hair cells with opposite polarity

Question 10

what displaces the hair bundles, causing depolarization + hyperpolarization

Answer 10

shearing motion between the otolithic membrane + the macular

Question 11

what causes shearing motion

Answer 11

linear acceleration
-during increasing/decreasing velocity
-not constant velocity

Question 12

what also causes shearing motion

Answer 12

head tilt

Question 13

what are semicircular canals sensitive to

Answer 13

rotational/angular acceleration
-NOT linear/translational movements of the head

Question 14

where is hair cell located

Answer 14

ampulla

Question 15

hair bundles extend out into where

Answer 15

cupula

Question 16

what is displaced during angular rotation

Answer 16

cupula
-causing displacement of hair bundle

Question 17

how do semicircular canals work

Answer 17

in pairs

Question 18

yaw rotation

Answer 18

head rotation to the right excites the right horizontal canal + inhibits the left horizontal canal

Question 19

VOR

Answer 19

vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 20

what does VOR allow

Answer 20

function to stabilize gaze

Question 21

VOR- head rotation sensed by semicircular canals leads to eye rotation in what direction

Answer 21

opposite direction

Question 22

VOR ex- head rotation to the right

Answer 22

greater firing rate in right horizontal canal compared to left horizontal canal ->
activation of left lateral rectus + right medial rectus ->
both left + right eyes move to the left

Question 23

what is VOR impacted by

Answer 23

unilateral vestibular deficits

Question 24

VCR

Answer 24

vestibulocervical reflex

Question 25

what tract does VCR involve

Answer 25

medial vestibulospinal tract

Question 26

VCR- neck muscles are activated in response to what

Answer 26

head pitch rotation

Question 27

VSR

Answer 27

vestibulospinal reflex

Question 28

what tracts does VSR involve (2)

Answer 28

lateral + medial vestibulospinal tracts

Question 29

how does VSR work

Answer 29

inputs from otolith organs activates ipsilateral antigravity muscles