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MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 2 > MODULE 7- The Vestibular System > Flashcards

MODULE 7- The Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

translational movements

A

forward linear motion

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2
Q

the vestibular system does what

A

helps us sense our position + movement in space

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3
Q

rotational movements

A

turning movements of the head

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4
Q

gravity

A

tilt of the head

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5
Q

____ uses ____ to translate physical movement into neural impulses (electrical energy)

A

-labyrinth
-hair cells

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6
Q

what is located outside of the bony labyrinth

A

perilymph

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7
Q

what is located inside the labyrinth

A

endolymph

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8
Q

how many otolith organs

A

2

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9
Q

2 otolith organs

A

-utricle
-saccule

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10
Q

what do the 2 otolith organs do (utricle/saccule)

A

respond to translational movement + to gravity (head tilt)

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11
Q

how many semicircular canals

A

3

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12
Q

what do semicircular canals do

A

respond to rotations of the head

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13
Q

ampullae

A

located at the base of the semicircular canals

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14
Q

what does the ampullae house

A

hair cell bundle

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15
Q

hair cell bundle

A

bathed in endolymph

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16
Q

roll

A

rotation around x-axis

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17
Q

yaw

A

rotation around z-axis

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18
Q

pitch

A

rotation around y-axis

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19
Q

what responds to linear acceleration

A

utricle + saccule

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20
Q

what responds to rotational acceleration of the head

A

semicircular canals

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21
Q

linear acceleration is head angle relative to ____

A

gravity

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22
Q

vestibular hair cells

A

transduce minute physical displacements of hair cell bundles into electrical receptor potentials

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23
Q

stereocilia tips have ____

A

ion tranduction channels

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24
Q

stereocilia tips- ion movement in one direction -> depolarization/hyperpolarization

A

depolarization

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25
Q

stereocilia tips- ion movement in opposite direction
-> depolarization/hyperpolarization

A

hyperpolarization

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26
Q

vestibular hair cells transduce mechanical stimuli into ____

A

receptor potentials

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27
Q

hair cells

A

-in vestibular labyrinth
-transduce mechanical stimuli into neural signals

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28
Q

head movement leads to

A

deflection of the hair bundles in the receptor organ

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29
Q

deflection TOWARD the kinocilium causes cell to depolarize/hyperpolarize

A

depolarize
-and thus increases the rate of firing in the afferent fiber

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30
Q

bending AWAY from the kinocilium causes the cell to depolarize/hyperpolarize

A

hyperpolarize
-and thus decreases the afferent firing rate

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31
Q

in the ampulla located at the base of each semicircular canal, how are hair bundles oriented

A

in the same direction

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32
Q

in the sacculus + utricle, the ____ divides the hair cells into populations with opposing hair bundle polarities

A

striola

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33
Q

in the sacculus + utricle, the striola divides the hair cells into populations with ____

A

opposing hair bundle polarities

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34
Q

otolith organs

A

the utricle + saccule

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35
Q

what do the utricle + saccule sense

A

static tilt + dynamic linear movements

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36
Q

macule

A

contains hair cells + supporting cells

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37
Q

what does the macule have

A

an overlying gelatinous layer

38
Q

otolithic membrane

A

overlying the gelatinous layer

39
Q

otoconia

A

calcium carbonate crystals embedded in the otolithic membrane

40
Q

what 2 things does the macula contain

A

-the hair cell
-supporting cells

41
Q

otolith organs (utricle + saccule)- translational movements or head tilt (gravity) cause what

A

shearing forces between the macula + membrnae ->
receptor potentials in the hair cells

42
Q

utricle is sensitive to vertical/horizontal accelerations

A

horizontal

43
Q

saccule is sensitive to vertical/horizontal accelerations

A

vertical

44
Q

striola

A

divides the hair cells into populations with opposing hair bundle polarities

45
Q

how many sensory organs are there for the 3 axes of linear motion

A

2

46
Q

in an upright individual, the macula of each utricle/saccule is approximately horizontal

A

utricle

47
Q

in an upright individual, the macula of each utricle/saccule is oriented vertically

A

saccule

48
Q

in this posture, the saccule can sense ____ accelerations in its plane

A

linear accelerations
-up-down
-forward-backward

49
Q

in this posture, the utricle can sense ____ accelerations in its plane

A

linear
-left-right
-fowrard-backward

50
Q

what do otolith do

A

register forces related to linear acceleration
-responds to both linear head motion + static tilt with respect to the gravitational axis

51
Q

e.g., during flight at a constant velocity, we have no sense that we are traveling at 300 miles per hour
-however, in the process of taking off, we sense the change in velocity (acceleration)
-the otoliths differ from the semicircular canals: they respond to linear motion instead of angular motion

A
52
Q

the same shearing force acting on vestibular hair cells can result from tilting of the head (top), which exposes the hair cells to a portion of the acceleration
(a) owing to gravity (Fg), or from horizontal linear acceleration of the body (bottom)
-in this case, the postural system cannot distinguish between tilt + linear acceleration of the body based on otolithic inputs alone

A
53
Q

nerve fibers have a ____ firing rate when the head is upright

A

steady

54
Q

what 2 things can change in firing rate reflect

A

-sustained (absolute head position)
-transient (linear acceleration)

55
Q

firing rate is tilt ____-dependent

A

direction

56
Q

each of the 3 semicircular canals has ____ at the base that houses the ____

A

-ampula
-crista (sensory epithelium)

57
Q

angular acceleration in 1 direction causes what

A

causes endolymph to displace the cupula in the opposite direction

58
Q

each ____ on opposite sides of the head results in opposite changes in their firing rates

A

“partner” of semicircular canals

59
Q

cilia are arranged in ____

A

size

60
Q

tallest cilia

A

kinocilium

61
Q

how are cilia arranges

A

kinocilium (tallest) to shortest cilium

62
Q

____ house the bipolar neurons that give rise to the vestibular ranch of cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibular nerve ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion)

63
Q

vestibular nerve ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion) house what

A

bipolar neurons that give rise to the vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII

64
Q

vestibular nerve ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion) distal processes innervate what

A

semicircular canals + otolithic organs

65
Q

vestibular nerve ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion) central processes project via

A

via vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) ->
vestibular nuclei (also directly to the cerebellum)

66
Q

what does optic flow help to maintain

A

a sense of self-motion

66
Q

optic flow

A

in addition to activating the vestibular system, translational movements also generate a visual motion pattern across the retina
-helps to maintain a sense of self-motion

67
Q

vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR)

A

helps maintain a steady image on the retina while moving the head

68
Q

vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) ex

A

rotation of the head ->
left vestibular nucleus activity ->
compensatory eye movements to the right

69
Q

the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes what

A

stabilizes the eyes when the head moves

70
Q

oscillopia

A

-loss of VOR
-inability to fixate on visual targets while the head is moving

70
Q

postrual adjustments of the head are mediated by what

A

vestibulocervical reflex (VCR)

70
Q

what must change when one wears eyeglasses

A

the gain of the VOR

71
Q

what do eyeglasses change

A

the size of the visual scene

72
Q

postural adjustments of the body are mediated by what

A

vestibulospinal reflex (VSR)

73
Q

VCR (vestibulocervical reflex) pathway

A

medial vestibular nucleus ->
MLF ->
upper cervical spinal cord

74
Q

VSR (vestibulospinal reflex) pathway

A

medial vestibular nucleus ->
lateral + medial vestibular spinal tracts ->
lateral + medial verntral horn, respstively, to innervate proximal + axial limb muscles

75
Q

VSR (vestibulospinal reflex) provides excitatory infleunce on what muscles

A

extensor (antigravity) muscles

76
Q

reflex that stabilizes head

A

vestibulo-cervical reflex, VCR

77
Q

VCR is medial/lateral

A

medial

78
Q

what reflex maintains postural balance

A

vestibulo-spinal reflex, VSR

79
Q

VSR is medial/lateral

A

lateral

80
Q

vestibular pathways to the thalamus + cortex

A

lateral + superior vestibular nuclei ->
thalamic ventral posterior nucleus ->
parietoinsular vestibular complex (PIVC) ->
Brodmann’s areas 3a + 2v

81
Q

what is PIVC important for

A

sense of self-motion + body orientation in extrapersonal space

82
Q

when are neurons in PIVC activated

A

when visually tracking a moving object + by rotation of the body (even when the eyes are closed)

83
Q

neurons in cortical areas also respond to what stimuli

A

proprioceptive + visual

84
Q

stimulating the PIVC elicits what

A

strong vestibular sensations

85
Q

physiological nystagmus

A

normal
-slow compensatory eye movements in response to turning the head

86
Q

spontaneous nystagmus

A

-eyes move from side to side in the absence of any head rotation
-slow eye movement toward the damaged side
-fast eye movement away from the damaged side

87
Q

what causes pathological nystagmus

A

unilateral vestibular hypofunction

88
Q

pathological nystagmus- slow phase directed toward which side

A

lesioned side

89
Q

pathological nystagmus- quick phase direct toward what side

A

intact side (reset)

MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 2 (15 decks)

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