Practical Research Flashcards
This is one way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in your work.
Integral Citation
This citation style downplays any strength of the writer’s personal characteristics. The stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas.
Non-integral Citation
It is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language.
Summary
Instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words.
Paraphrase
Only a part of the author’s sentence, the wole sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing through this citation pattern. Since this makes you copy the exact words of the writer, it is necessary that you give the number of the page where the readers can find the copied words.
Short Direct Quotation
This citation pattern makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight lines. Placed at the center of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem.
Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation
Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting authors’ ideas.
Tense of verbs for reporting
- Any systematic investigation of any social or cultural phenomena where results and conclusions are aimed at contributing to generalize knowledge.
Research
- A systematized and organized body of knowledge.
Science
- Refers to a standardized set of techniques for building scientific knowledge.
Scientific Method
done in an orderly manner; it follows a system that applies logic at many points.
Systematic
carefully planned and does not allow any intuition without basis, problem is thoroughly defined, variables are identified and instruments are carefully selected or constructed.
Controlled
conclusions are based on evidences which are gathered carefully through the use of carefully selected (adapted or adopted), or researcher-made instruments.
Empirical
conclusions are made through critical evaluation of data which enable the researcher to develop full confidence in the results or outcomes of the research.
Critical
it starts with identifying a problem and ends with introducing possible future problems to be addressed.
Cyclical
the research processes and procedures are transmittable which enable the other researchers to replicate them and assess their validity.
Universal
the researcher may use the results of a study and/or build upon the research results of another.
Replicable
Importance of Qualitative Research
- It promotes a full understanding of human behavior or personality traits in their natural setting.
- From a __________ researcher’s viewpoint, these qualitative data resulting from naturalistic approach of research serves as the basis for determining universal social values to define ethical or unethical behavior that society ought to know, not only for the benefit of every individual and community but also for the satisfaction of man’s quest for knowledge.
social science
- In the _______________, man’s social life is also subjected to research studies. However, researchers in this area give emphasis not to man’s social life, but to the study of the meanings, significance, and visualizations of human experiences.
field of Humanities
- In the ________________ such as marketing, man’s thoughts and feelings still take center stage in any research studies. It increases man’s understanding of the truths in line with markets and marketing activities, making him more intelligent in arriving at decisions about these aspects of his life.
field of soft sciences
- under the field of anthropology, __________ is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set up, internal operation, and lifestyle. This is to reveal the nature and characteristics of their own culture through the world’s perceptions of the cultural group’s members.
Ethnography
- From the word “phenomenon”
- Refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful. Its primary goal is to make people understand their life experiences.
Phenomenology
- Requires an analysis or examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication (books, journals, photos, etc.) used by person, group, organization or in any institution in communicating.
- A study of language structures used in the medium of communication to discover the effects of sociological, cultural, institutional, and ideological factors on the content makes it a discourse analysis.
Content and Discourse Analysis
- Examination of primary documents to make you understand the connection of past events to the present time.
Historical Analysis
- Discovering a new theory under your study at the time of data collection and thorough observation.
Grounded Theory
- A _____________ is a subject or issue that a researcher is interested in when conducting research.
Research Topic
- The WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, and HOW of your research.
- Conveys the central idea behind your research.
Research Title
- The ________________ states the problem you want to focus on or the problem that you have discovered.
- The _____________ part is where you explain why you have to conduct the study.
Research Problem and Rationale
- This describe concisely what the research is trying to achieve.
- Usually starts with TO + VERB
Research Objectives
- In this section, write the products that can be produced for your research such as pamphlets, brochures, seminar-workshop, etc.
Expected Outputs
- provides details to the reader on how the study will contribute such as what the study will contribute and who will benefit from it. It also includes an explanation of the work’s importance as well as its potential benefits.
Significance of the Study
- This part introduces and describes the theory that explains why research problem under study exists.
Theoretical Framework
- This illustrates what you expect to find through your research.
- It defines the relevant variables for your study and maps out how they might relate to each other.
Conceptual Framework
- A _____________ is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research.
Review of Related Literature
Purpose of Review of Related Literature
- The review of related literature relates your study to a larger body of literature.
- Requires a detailed examination of the literature, to compare and evaluate several perspectives.
Critical Review
- often used at the beginning of an article, dissertation, or research proposal. It is conducted before the research begins and sets the stage for this research by highlighting gaps in the literature and explaining the need for the research about to be conducted, which is presented in the remainder of the article.
Scoping Review
- groups articles according to concepts, or categories, or themes. It identifies the current ‘understanding’ of the given research topic, discusses how this understanding was reached, and attempts to determine whether a greater understanding can be suggested. It provides a snapshot of where things are with this particular field of research.
Conceptual Review
- is conducted periodically, with a focus on the most recent research. It describes what is currently known, understood, or agreed upon regarding the research topic, and highlights where are there still disagreements.
State-of-the-Art Review
- This section explains how each specific objective will be achieved in the most rigorous way possible.
Methodology
Where will you conduct the study?
Research Site
Who will be your participants? How many are they? What will be your sampling procedure in choosing your participants?
Respondents of the Study
What is the type of qualitative research that you will apply? How will you collect your data? Is it through interview? Focused group discussion, observation, etc?
Research Design and Data Collection
What is your data analysis procedure? Is it thematic analysis? Content analysis? Or others? Explain.
Data Analysis
What kind of instrument will you use? Will you use interview instrument/protocol? Observation protocol? Etc.
Research Instrument
- Refers to the method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data for research study.
Sampling
- Also known as the respondents.
Samples
- A random selection of respondents so that each unit of population has known chance to get selected.
Probability Sampling
- Researcher selects samples based on subjective judgment rather than random selection.
Non-Probability Sampling
seek to sample participants in a strategic way (based on the researchers own judgment) Known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling.
Purposive Sampling
encountering people around a certain place (or on your research sight itself) shows willingness to respond on to your questions are automatically considered as your respondents.
Availability Sampling
Get samples based on referrals or networks.
Snowball Sampling
- Explains how you will collect data.
Data Collection Procedure
____________ is a paper containing series of questions that has is an enough space for them to elaborate their views, attitudes, preferences, and other opinionated answers. Their answers are expected to be in paragraph form.
Open-Ended Questionnaire
- Questionnaire
- Explore the views, experiences, beliefs, and/or motivations of individuals on specific matters through interviews.
One-on-one Interviews
- Interviews can be done _________ or ___________
face-to-face or mediated
are being done through various online platforms synchronously or asynchronously.
Mediated Interviews
essentially, verbally administered questionnaires, in which a list of predetermined questions are asked, with little or no variation and with no scope for follow-up questions to responses that warrant further elaboration.
Structured Interview
consist of several key questions that help to define the areas to be explored, but also allows the interviewer or interviewee to diverge in order to pursue an idea or response in more detail.
Semi-Structured Intreview
do not reflect any preconceived theories or ideas and are performed with little or no organization.
Unstructured Interview
are used for generating information on collective views, and the meanings that lie behind those views. They are also useful in generating a rich understanding of participants’ experiences and beliefs. It is suggested to have not more than seven (7) participants for the FGD to be successful.
- Focus group discussions
- Using your sense organs, you gather facts or information about people, things, places, events, and so on, by watching and listening to them; then, record the results of the functioning of your eyes and ears.
Observation
Seeing, touching, and hearing the sources of data personally.
Direct Observation
you see and hear them, not through your own eyes and ears, but by means of technological and electronic gadgets used to capture earlier events, images, or sounds.
Indirect Observation
- data-collection technique that makes you search through several oral or written forms of communication to find answers to your research questions.
Content Analysis
- This is the list of your resources.
Bibliography
