DRRR Flashcards
“Disastre” “Des”
Bad
“Astre”
Star
Serious disruption to the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread
human, material, economic, or environmental
losses and impact. Associated with a large-scale destructive with
a large-scale destructive event such as
typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic
eruptions, among others.
Disaster
Is a source or a situation with the potential
for harm in terms of human injury or illhealth, damage to property, damage to the
environment, or a combination of these
Hazards
A __________ is any phenomena that has the
potential to cause destruction to life and
property. A hazard become a disaster when
the potential to cause destruction is fulfilled.
hazard
A hazard become a disaster when
the potential to cause destruction is fulfilled.
When there is harm to life and property of
humans, the hazard is termed a
Disasters
A system which considers a country’s
vulnerability and exposure to hazard. Indicators are grouped into exposure,
susceptibility, coping capacity, and adaptive
capacity.
World Risk Index
exposure to earthquake, cyclone,
flood, drought, and sea level rise
Exposure
rated off its population’s access
to improved sanitation and water supply,
percentage of undernourished, dependency
ratio, population od those below the poverty
line, GDP per capita, and GINI index
Susceptibility
the following indicators are
rated: corruption perception index, failed states
index, number of physicians per 10,000 people,
and insurance coverage
Coping Capacity
the following indicators are
rated: adult literacy rate, combined gross
enrolment ratio, gender parity in education,
women in national parliament, water quantity,
biodiversity and habitat, forestry management,
agriculture on health per capita, life expectancy
at birth and expenditure on health per capita
Adaptive Capacity
Refers to those people or properties which
are directly affected by natural disasters. The extent of the effect in terms of land area
or number of personas of a natural hazard
towards a community
Exposure
Is defined as composing several physical,
social environmental, or economic factors
that increase the susceptibility of a
population or community to a national hazard. State of being open to damage or injury.
Vulnerability
Defined as the measure of losses-deaths,
injuries, and damage to property due to
particular combination of hazards, exposure
and vulnerability
Risk
Related to natural processes that occur on
Earth with or without warning
Natural Disasters
Often occur once the precursor sets in. Man-made disasters have an element of
human intent, negligence, or error involving a
failure of a man-made system, as opposed to
natural disasters resulting from natural
hazards.
Human made Disasters
Impacts of Disasters
- Medical effects
Ex; Traumatic injuries & emotonal stress - Damage to critical facilities
Ex; transmission facilities & water facilities - Disruption of transportation
Ex; Broken bridges & Roads - Economic Impact
Ex; Business operations & Economic activities - Global environmental change
Ex; long term consequences of diff. hazards - Social and Political Impact
Ex; less fortunate people
Are naturally occurring physical phenomena
caused either by rapid or slow onset events
which can be geophysical (earthquakes,
landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity),
hydrological (avalanches and floods),
climatological (extreme temperatures,
drought and wildfires), meteorological
(cyclones and storms/wave surges) or
biological (disease epidemics and
insect/animal plagues)
Natural Disasters
A hazard originating from technological or
industrial conditions, including accidents,
dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures,
or specific human activities
Man-Made Disasters
Flooding and drought can fall under this category if
these are due to deforestation
Socio-natural Hazards
a rising and overflowing of a body of
water especially onto normally dry land
Floods
the usually rapid downward
movement of a mass of rock, earth, or artificial
fill on a slope
Landslides
a shaking or trembling of the
earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin
Earthquake
a period of dryness especially when
prolonged
Drought
Process or phenomenon or organic origin or
conveyed by biological vectors/agents,
including exposure to pathogenic
microorganisms, toxins and bioactive
substances
Biological Hazards
is an extreme natural
event in the crust of the earth that pose a
threat to life and property, for example,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis
(tidal waves) and landslides
Geological Hazards
Process or phenomenon of atmospheric,
hydrological or oceanographic nature that
may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods
and services, social and economic disruption,
or environmental change
Hydrometeorological Hazards
those coming directly from the
incident itself
Primary Effect
associated with, but not a
direct response to the event
Secondary Effect
a long term or permanent
changes due to the event
Tertiary Effects
Is defined as a potentially-damaging physical
event that may cause the loss or injury, property
damage, social economic disruption, or
environmental degradation
Hazards
What drives exposure?
- Population growth
- Migration
- Urbanization
How do we reduce exposure?
- Zoning Laws
- Relocation
- Forced Evacuation
- Stronger Laws
Vulnerability may refer to the following
▪ Disregard for environmental
management
▪ poorly-planned communities
▪ poorly-constructed infrastructures and
homes
▪ lack of public information and
awareness on preparedness and risks
Who are so called Most Vulnerable Sectors?
- Urban poor
- Laborers
- Indigenous people
- PWD’s
- Women
- Children
Who are so called Less Vulnerable Sectors?
- Professionals
- Small entrepreneur
Who are so called Not Vulnerable Sectors?
High class/ High position in the community
Categories of Vulnerability
- Physical/Material Vulnerability
- Social/Organizational Vulnerability
- Attitudinal/Motivational Vulnerability
the hottest and innermost layer
Core
thick second layer of the Earth
Mantle
thinner layer of Earth that covers the
mantle
Crust
the inner layer – hotter, and
more easily to deformed
Asthenosphere
outer layer – composed of large
block referred to as tectonic plates
Lithosphere
noticed that some of
the boundaries of continents seem to fit into
the boundaries of other continents
1512, Abraham Ortelius
proposed the theory of
continental drift, noticed that when the real
edges of the continent, including the shallow
submerged continental shelves, were
considered
1912, Alfred Wegener
formalized the theory of
seafloor spreading – suggested that the ocean
floor can be viewed as giant conveyor belts that
carry the continents
1960, Harry Hess
Any faults that is likely to have another
earthquake sometime in the future
Active Faults
Are areas where tectonic plates converge.
Subduction zones are large boundaries and, as
such, capable of generating large earthquakes. These plates are pieces of crust that have been
moving in the surface of the planet for millions
of years.
Subduction Zones
WEST AND EAST VALLEY FAULTS
Rodriguez, Rizal
San Mateo, Rizal
Marikina
Pasig
Taguig
Muntinlupa
San Pedro
Binan
Carmona
Santa Rosa
Calamba
Tagaytay
Oriental Mindoro
EASTERN PHILIPPINE FAULTS
Luzon Sea
Mindoro Strait
Panay Gulf
Sulu Sea
Philippine Sea
SOUTH OF MINDANAO FAULTS
Moro Gulf
Celebes
Sea
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE FAULT
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Norte
La Union
Pangasinan
Nueva Ecija
Aurora
Quezon
Masbate
Eastern Leyte
Southern Leyte
Agusan Del Norte
Agusan Del Sur
Davao Del Norte
Davao Oriental
PHIVOLCS
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
is the sudden movement of the
ground that releases elastic energy stored in
rocks and generates seismic wave
Earthquake
is the spot where the
earthquake began
Focus of an earthquake
is the point on
Earth’s surface located directly above the focus
of an earthquake
Epicenter of an earthquake
Can be anything that includes a physical
phenomenon associated with an earthquake
that may produce adverse effects on human
activities. Anything that can be moved, fall off, or be
toppled when the ground starts to shake and
cause emotional and physical pain is an
earthquake hazard.
Earthquake Hazard
direct results of
the movement of the ground
Primary Earthquake Hazards
Describes the vibration of the
ground when an earthquake
occurs, usually recorded in
terms of intensity. It can be seen as both a hazard
created by earthquake, and a
trigger for other hazard such as
liquefaction and landslides.
Ground Shaking
When an earthquake event
occurs, ground ruptures happen
only at the area where the fault
zone moves. It is an offset of the ground
surface when fault rupture
extends to the surface
Ground Rupture
is not a single
line with a fixed width, but a
zone with variable width
fractures have developed. These are called ________________
Surface rupture. deformation
zones
Occurs when sand or soil and
groundwater are mixed during
the shaking of a moderate or
strong earthquake
Liquefication
It includes a wide range of
ground movement such as rock
fall, rock slide, debris slide, and
shallow debris flow. If the ground is saturated with
water, the shaking will result in
more landslides
Landslides
A standing wave in an enclosed
or partially enclosed body of
water. Triggered by earthquake waves,
seiche and seiche-related
problems have been observed
on lakes, reservoirs, swimming
pools, bays, harbors, and seas
Seiche
are the results
of the primary hazards, distinguished from
indirect effects
Secondary Earthquake Hazards
- When tsunami hits land, the
water that remains can flood
the coastal areas - A landslide that hits a river can
cause the water to swell and
pour out on the areas beside
the river - When earthquakes break dam,
the water overflowing can
cause massive flooding in the
low-lying areas - Apart from incessant rain
flooding can also be result of an
earthquake - O matter what the cause is,
flooding is also a possible
reason for loss of life and
damage to property
Flooding
- A major secondary hazard
associated with an earthquake
has been the possibility of fires
breaking out after an
earthquake
Fire
- Refers to a tidal wave, it has a
little or nothing to do with the
tides on the ocean - Tsunamis can be tens of feet
high when they hit the shore
and do enormous damage to
coastline - It is actually a huge wave
caused by an earthquake that
originates under the ocean and
can cause great destructions
when it reaches the land - Tsunamis can also be generated
by landslides, underwater
volcanic eruptions, or even as
event as far-fetched as an
asteroid hitting the ocean
Tsunami
tsunamis caused by earthquakes
from nearby trenches
Locally-generated tsunamis
tsunamis generated by earthquakes
from sources that are
located farther from the
impact
Far-field tsunamis
- Is a measure of earthquake size
- Magnitude measurement requires instrumental
monitoring for its calculations - Remains unchanged with respect to the
distance from the earthquake origin
Magnitude
developed a system to measure the magnitude (or amount energy) of an earthquake
1935, Charles Richter
- Describes the degree of shaking caused by an
earthquake at a given place and decreases with
distance from the origin or epicenter
Intensity
- Measures the intensity or how strong the
effects of the
earthquakes are
Modified Mercalli scale
A measuring instrument that creates the
seismogram, a record of the seismic waves from
an earthquake
Seismograph or seismometer
Scales
Richter Scale
Modified Mercalli scale
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale
Seismograph or seismometer
WHAT TO DO WHEN THERE IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Before
- Know if your area or location is above or near a
fault line - Know the projected period and intensity of
Faultline movement - Prepare your survival kit
- Participate in an earthquake drill
- Check for possible sources of hazard which may
be affected by the shaking of the ground
WHAT TO DO WHEN THERE IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
During
- Stay calm, alert, and focus
- Protect yourself by doing (Drop, Cover & Hold)
- Never use an elevator during earthquake
- Stay safe from falling objects
- Do not drive any vehicle during the earthquake
- Go to an open area or field
- Stay away from breakable materials such as
glass
WHAT TO DO WHEN THERE IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
After
- Stay calm, alert, and observe
- Look for any means of communication and
source - Go outside as fast as you can
- Check for inquiries and go to the nearest
medical assistance - Watch out for any chemicals or fire hazard that
spilled or occurred in the area
Are mountains that have the capacity to erupt
at any time. An opening in the Earth’s crust that allows
molten rock, gases and debris to escape to the
surface.
VOLCANOES
molten (melted) rock is called when it
flows out of a volcano or volcanic vent.
Lava
is extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid
rock located under Earth’s surface
Magma
is a partially or totally
molten body located in the crust and supplied
with magma from a deeper source, a reservoir
Magma Chamber
the bowl-shaped opening at the top or
side of a volcano or top of a geyser through
which lava and gases are emitted
Crater
Classifications of Volcanoes
- By Activity
- By Composition and Structure
- By Eruption
one that has a tendency
to erupt or is already erupting. Examples
are Mt. Mayon and Mt. Bulusan.
Active volcano
volcano that is not erupting
or is not going to erupt sometime in the
near future. Example is Mt. Pinatubo
Dormant
volcanoes that have not
erupted in the last 30 000 to 40 000
years, and are not expected to erupt
anytime soon
Extinct
a phenomenon
that can revive an extinct
volcanoes
Rejuvination
is generally low, and
has dome shape, like the shield of
medieval knights, hence the name
Shield volcanoes
considered to be simplest
volcano. Typically viewed as hardened
lava which piled up around the vent and
then formed a mountain.
Cinder cone
formed by alternating layers of lava and
pyroclastic materials from multiple
eruptions that occurred through time
Stratovolcano or composite volcano
happen due to
buildup of thick magma with high silica
content.
Explosive eruptions
emits a lot
of lava coming from a fissure or a crack
on the surface
Quite or fissure eruptions
a mudflow composed of rocky debris,
water, and pyroclastic material.
LAHAR
produced by a combustion, volcanic
ash or tephra is hard, extremely abrasive, mildly
corrosive, conducts electricity when wet, and
does not dissolve in water
ASH FALL
are high-density mixtures
of hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases that
move away from the vent that erupted them at
high speed.
PYROCLASTIC FLOW
are basically rocks that
an erupting volcano sends into the air
BALLISTIC PROJECTILE
dangerous due to their
temperature and toxicity.
VOLCANIC GASES
described as a stream of molten
rocks that flows out of a volcano or volcanic
ven
LAVA FLOW
Disaster Risk Management Cycle
Disaster > Response > Rehabilitation and Recovery > Prevention and Mitigation > Preparedness
