PRACTICAL II Flashcards
Frontalis
O = Cranial aponeurosis I = Skin of eyebrows and root of nose A = Raises eyebrows
Occipitalis
O = Occipital and temporal bones I = Cranial aponeurosis A = Pulls scalp posteriorly
Orbicularis Oculi
O = Frontal and maxillary bones I = Inside of eyelid A = Draws eyelids inferiorly
Orbicularis Oris
O = Madible and maxillary bones I = Skin/muscle around mouth A = Closes mouth and protrudes lips.
Zygomaticus (major and minor)
O = Zygomatic bone I = Skin/ muscle at corner of map A = Elevates lateral corner of the mouth to smile
Mentalis
O = Mandible I = Skin of chin A = Protrudes lower lip and wrinkles the chin
Masseter
O = Zygomatic Arch and maxillary bone I = Angle and ramus of mandible A = Elevates mandible
Temporalis
O = temporal fossa of temporal bone I = coronoid process of mandible A = Elevates and retracts jaw
Buccinator
O = Posterior maxillary bone and mandible I = Orbicularis Oris A = Compresses cheeks as in whistling, blowing or sucking.
Sternocleidomastoid
O = Manubrium of sternum and the clavicle
I = Mastoid process of temporal bone
A = Bilateral contraction: flexion of the neck forward
Unilateral contraction: lateral flexion, tilting head slightly upward and face to opposite side.
External Intercostals
O = Inferior border of each rib I = Superior border of the rib below A = Pulls ribs to one another to elevate thoracic cavity, inspiration.
Internal Intercostals
O = Superior border of each rib I = Inferior border of rib above A = Draws ribs together to depress thorax, expiration
Diaphragm
O = Xiphoid process of sternum and costal cartilage of last 6 ribs and lumbar vertebra. I = Central tendon of diaphragm A = Flattens to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, inspiration
Rectus abdominis
O = pubic crest and symphysis I = xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 A = flexes and rotates vertebral column
External Oblique
O = ribs 4-12 I = Iliac crest, linea alba, pubic crest and tubercles A = Flexes and rotates vertebral column
Internal Oblique
O = Iliac crest, lumber fascia I = Linea alba, pubic crest, inferior borders of ribs 9-12 A = Flexes and rotates vertebral column
Transversus Abdominus
O = Iliac crest, lumber facia, inguinal ligament I = Linea alba and pubic crest A = Flexes and rotates vertebral column
Erector Spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis)
O = Iliac crest, transverse process of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, and or ribs 3-6. I = Ribs and transverse processes of vertebrae about 6 segments above origin. A = Extends and laterally rotates the vertebral column
Pectoralis Major
O = Clavicle, sternum and cartilage of ribs 2-6 I = Fibers converge to form a short tendon that inserts into the intertubercular groove of the humerus A = Flexes, adducts and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder.
Deltoid
O = Acromion and spine of scapula, lateral third of clavicle. I = Deltoid tuberosity of humerus A = Abduction of the arm at the soulder
Serratus Anterior
O = 1st to 8th rib I = Vertebral border of scapula A = Protracts the shoulder, upward rotation of the scapula
Pectoralis minor
O = 3rd, 4th, 5th rib near costal cartilages I = Coracoid process of scapula A = Adducts and protracts the shoulder
Subscapularis
O = subscapular fossa I = Lesser tubercles of humerus A = Medially rotates the arm
Leavator Scapulae
O = Transverse process of 4 cervical vertebrae I = Vertebral border of scapula A = Elevates the scapula
Trapezius
O = Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7 and thoracic vertebrae. I = Acromion and spinous process of scapula, lateral third of clavicle. A = Extends the neck, rotates and adducts scapula, elevates or depresses the scapula
Latissimus dorsi
O = Spinous process of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12 and lumbodorsal fascia I = Intertubercular grove of humerus A = Extends, adducts and medial rotates the shoulder
Supraspinatus
O = Supraspinous fossa of the scapula I = Greater tubercle of humerus A = Abducts the arm
Infraspinatus
O = Infraspinous fossa of the scapula I = Greater tubercle of humerus A = Lateral rotation of arm
Teres minor
O = Lateral margin of scapula I = Greater tubercle of humerus A = Lateral rotation of arm
Teres major
O = Inferior angle of scapula I = Intertubercular groove of humerus A = Extension, adduction and medial rotation of the arm
Rhomboids, major and minor
O = Spinous process of C7 and T1 through T5 I = Medial border of scapula A = Adducts scapula and rotates it downward
Triceps brachii
O = Long head at inferior margin of glenoid cavity, lateral head at posterior side of humerus, and medial head at distal radial groove of humerus. I = Olecranon process of the ulna A = Extends the forearm at the elbow
Anconeus
O = lateral epicondyle of humerus I = Lateral side of olecranon process of ulna A = Abducts the ulna during forearm pronation, and extends elbow.
Biceps brachii
O = Short head at coracoid process of scapula, long head at tubercle superior to glenoid cavity of scapula. I = Radial tuberosity A = Flexes the forearm at the elbow and supinates the forearm.
Brachioradialis
O = distal end of humerus I = Coronoid process of ulna A = Flexes the forearm
Brachialis
O = Distal portion of humerus I = Coronoid process of ulna A = Flexes the forearm
Pronator Teres
O = Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna I = Shaft of the radius A = Pronates the forearm
Supinator
O = Lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal ulna I = Proximal end of radius A = Supinates the forearm at the elbow
Flexor carpi radialis
O = Medial epicondyle of humerus I = Base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals A = Flexes hand at wrist, and abducts hand at wrist.
Palmaris longus
O = Medial epicondyle of humerus I = Fascia and skin of palm A = Flexes hand at wrist, tenses skin and fascia of palm
Flexor carpi ulnaris
O = Medial epicondyle of humerus, posterior surface of ulna I = 5th metacarpal base, pisiform and hamate A = Flexes and adducts hand at wrist
Flexor digitorum superficialis
O = Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, shaft of radius I = Middle phalanges of 2nd through 5th digits A = Flexes hand and middle phalanges of 2nd-5th digits.
Flexor pollicis longus
O = Anterior surface of radius I = Distal phalanx of thumb A = Flexes thumb
Flexor digitorum profundus
O = surface of ulna, and coronoid process I = Distal phalanges of 2nd-5th digits A = Flexes distal phalanges
Extensor carpi radialis longus
O = Supracondylar ridge of the humerus I = base of 2nd metacarpal A = Extends and abducts the hand at wrist
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
O = Lateral epicondyle of the humerus I = Base of 3rd metacarpal A = Extends and abducts hand at wrist
Extensor digitorum
O = Lateral epicondyle of the humerus I = Four tendons onto distal phalanges of 2nd-5th digits A = Extends the digits at the hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris
O = Lateral epicondyle of the humerus I = Base of 5th metacarpal A = Extends and adducts hand at wrist
Abductor pollicis longus
O = Posterior shaft of radius and ulna I = Trapezium and 1st metacarpal A = Abducts and extends thumb
Iliopsoas
O = Iliacus at the iliac fossa, iliac crest, and lateral sacrum; psoas major at bodies and transverse processes of t12 and lumbar vertebrae I = On and just below the lesser trochanter of the femur A = Flexes the thigh, flexes the trunk and laterally flexes the vertebral column
Sartorius
O = Anterior superior iliac spine I = Medial side of proximal tibia by an aponeurosis A = Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh, flexes the leg at the knee
Rectus Femoris
O = Anterior inferior iliac spine, superior margin of the acetabulum I = Tibial tuberosity and patella A = Extends the leg at the knee and flexes thigh at hip
Tensor fascia latae
O = Anterior side of iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine I = Iliotibial tract A = Flexes, abducts, medialy rotates the thigh
Gracilis
O = Inferior ramus and body of pubis I = Medial surface of tibia inferior to medial condyle
Vastus lateralis
O = Greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line and linea aspera I = Tibial tuberosity and patella A = Extends the leg at the knee
Vastus medialis
O = Linea aspera and intertrochanteric line I = Tibial tuberosity and patella A = Extends the leg at the knee
Vastus intermedius
O = Anterior and lateral surface of femur I = Tibial tuberosity and patella A = Extends the leg at the knee
Adductor longus
O = Pubis near pubic symphysis I = Linea aspera A = Adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh at the hip
Adductor magnus
O = Ischial and pubic rami, ischial tuberosity I = Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of the femur A = Adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh at the hip
Gluteus maximus
O = Posterior side of the ilium, sacrum and coccyx I = Gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract A = Extends the thigh when it is elevated (as in climbing stairs), Laterally rotates and abducts the thigh
Gluteus medius
O = Upper lateral surface of the ilium I = Greater trochanter of femur A = Abducts and medially rotates the thigh
Biceps femoris
O = Long head at ischial tuberosity; short head at linea aspera and distal end of femur I = head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia A = Extends the thigh at the hip
Semitendinosus
O = ischial tuberosity I = Medial side of the proximal tibia A = Extends the thigh at the hip, laterally rotates the thigh at the hip, flexes the leg at the knee
Semimbranosus
O = Ischial tuberosity I = Medial side of the proximal tibia A = Extends the thigh at the hip, flexes the leg at the knee, medially rotates the thigh
Tibialis anterior
O = Lateral condyle and superior shaft of tibia I = By a tendon onto cuneiform and 1st metatarsal A = Dorsiflexion, inverts foot, supports logitudinal arch
Extensor digitorum longus
O = Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal fibula I = By a tendon that divides into 4 to insert at middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5 A = Extension of digits, dorsifelxion
Extensor hallucis longus
O = Shaft of fibula I = by a tendon onto the distal phalanx of digit 1 A = Extends big toe, dorsiflexion
Fibularis longus
O = Head and shaft of fibula I = By a long tendon to 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform A = Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot
Gastrocnemius
O = Two heads, medial and lateral condyles of the femur I = Calcaneus by way of the calcaneal tendon A = Plantar flexes the foot when knee is extended; flexes the leg at the knee.
Soleus
O = Proximal end of tibia and fibula I = Calcaneus by way of the calcaneal tendon A = Plantar flexes the foot
Popliteus
O = Lateral condyle of femur I = Proximal end of the tibia A = Flexes and rotates leg medially
Tibialis Posterior
O = superior part of tibia and fibula I = tarsals, metatarsals 2-4 A = inverts foot, plantar flexes foot
Flexor digitorum longus
O = Posterior surface of tibia I = Distal phalanges of 2-5th digits A = Flexes the digits , plantar flexes and inverts the foot
Flexor hallucis longus
O = Shaft of fibula I = Distal phalanx of 1st digit A = Flexes the big toe, inverts the foot
Fibularis brevis
O = Distal part of shaft of fibula I = by a tendon onto the proximal end of the 5th metatarsal A = Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot
Dendrites
Branched processes at proximal end of neuron. They form synapses with axon terminals of other neurons . Stimulated by proceeding cell and conducts impulses to cell bodies.
Axon
Single process from cell body but may branch into collateral axons. Carries impulse away from cell body and terminates in axon terminals.
Axon hillock
Widened base of axon. Point where axon arises from cell body.
Myelin Sheath
Axon covering of some peripheral neurons. Composed of lipoprotein molecules within Scwann Cells. Outer layer is called neurilemma.
Axon terminals
Branched distal end of axon that forms synapses with dendrites of next cell or neuromuscular junction. Stores neurotransmitter.
Node of Ranvier
Gaps in myelin sheath. Nerve impulse moves down axon from node to node.
Schwann Cell
Neuroglial cell of the PNS. Wraps around axon like a jelly roll. Produces the myelin cell.
Cell body of neuron
Also called soma. Contains nucleus and organelles. Receives impulses from dendrites. Conducts impulse to axon.
Spinal Cord
Extends from medulla oblongata through foramen magnum. Pia mater is fused directly to surface.
Cervical nerves
8 pairs. C1-C8. Exit between cervical vertebrae.
Thoracic Nerves
12 pairs. T1-T12. Exit between the thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar nerves
5 pairs. L1-L5. Exit between lumbar vertebrae.
Sacral Nerves
5 pairs. S1-S5. Exit through sacral foramina
Coccygeal nerves
One pair of nerves. Co1. Exit below the sacrum
Conus Medullaris
Cone-shaped end to the spinal cord. In an adult, about the level of L1 or L2 vertebrae. Only nerves fill the spinal cavity below this point.
Cauda Equina
Term means horse tail. Describes the collection of spinal nerves extending from conus medullaris.
Dorsal gray horn
Also called posterior gray horn. Location on sensory nuclei.
Central canal
Runs length of spinal cord. Contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Dorsal root
Contains axons of sensory neurons. Carries sensory information to spinal cord.
Dorsal root ganglion
Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons.
Spinal Nerve
Contains both sensory and motor neurons running between spinal cord and rest of body.
Ventral root
Contains axons of motor neurons. Carries motor commands to effector organs.
Gray commissure
Connection between two sides of spinal cord
Ventral gray horn
Also called anterior gray horn. Contains motor nuclei to skeletal muscles.
Lateral gray horn
Only in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord. Location of motor nuclei to internal organs.
Dorsal white column
Also called posterior white column. Lies between posterior median sulcus and dorsal gray horn. Carries ascending sensory tracts.
Lateral White Column
Lies between dorsal and ventral gray horns. Carries ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts.
Ventral white column
Also called anterior white column. Lies between anterior median fissure and ventral gray horn. Carries ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts
Ventral white commissure
Connects ventral white columns. Consists of myelinated axons crossing from one side of spinal cord to another.
Phrenic Nerve
Cervical plexus. Is not shown on nerve board.
Skin: Does not innervate skin
Muscle: diaphragm
Axillary Nerve
Brachial plexus.
Skin: Shoulder
Muscle: Deltoid
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Brachial Plexus
Skin: Lateral forearm
Muscle: Flexor muscles of arm
Median Nerve
Brachial Plexus
Skin: Anterolateral hand
Muscle: Flexor muscles of forearm and finger flexors
Ulnar Nerve
Brachial Plexus
Skin: Medial hand
Muscle: Wrist and many hand muscles
Radial Nerve
Brachial Plexus
Skin: Posterolateral arm
Muscle: Triceps brachii and extensor muscles of forearm and wrist
Lateral femoral cutaneous Nerve
Lumbar Plexus
Skin: Anterior, lateral and posterior thigh
Muscle: Does not innervate muscle
Femoral nerve
Lumbar Plexus
Skin: Anteromedial thigh, medial leg and foot
Muscle: Anterior thigh muscle
Obturator Nerve
Lumbar Plexus
Ski: Medial thigh
Muscle: Adductor muscles of thigh
Saphenous Nerve
Lumbar Plexus
Skin: Medial leg
Muscle: Does not innervate muscle
Sciatic Nerve
Sacral Plexus
Skin: Does not innervate skin
Muscle: Posterior thigh muscles
Tibial Nerve
Sacral Plexus
Skin: Posterior leg and sole of foot
Muscle: Knee flexors and ankle plantar flexors
Common fibular nerve
Sacral Plexus.
Skin: Anterior leg and dorsum of foot.
Muscle: Dorsiflexors of ankle
Frontal lobe
Cerebrum. Anterior region.
Functions: Conscious thought, memory storage, motor control, judgement, problem solving and emotion
Precentral Gyrus
Prominent gryus in frontal lobe. Lies anterior to central sulcus. Also called primary motor cortex.
Functions: Initiates motor commands to skeletal muscles.
Central Sulcus
Separates frontal and parietal lobes
Postcentral Gyrus
Prominent gyrus in parietal lobe. Lies posteriorly to central sulcus. Also called somatosensory area.
Functions: Receives sensations of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature from skin, muscles, tendons and joints
Parietal Lobe
Superior region.
Functions: Analyzing sensory stimuli
Occipital lobe
Posterior region
Functions: Receives visual stimuli from photoreceptors in the eye.
Temporal Lobe
Lateral region.
Functions: Receives auditory stimuli from cochlea of ear.
Septum Pellucidum
Partition that separates each lateral ventricle.
Corpus Callosum
Large tract of white matter that interconnects the cerebral hemispheres.
Fornix
Tract of white matter along the inferior border o spetum pellucidum. Interconnects regions of cerebrum with the mammillary bodies.
Choroid plexus
Vascular tissue in roof of third ventricle that secretes cerebrospinal fluid.
Thalamus
Gray matter that forms walls of third ventricle and relays sensory information to correct region of cerebrum
Epithalamus
Forms roof of diencephalon. Contains pineal gland and choroid plexus
Pineal gland
Part of epithalamus. An endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythm
Mammillary Body
Gray matter of the hypothalamus that controls eating and swallowing reflexes
Pituitary gland
An endocrine gland connected to hypothalamus by stalk of tissue called infundibulum. Secretion is regulated by hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
Lies below thalamus. Regulates appetite, thirst and body temp. Controls the pituitary gland
Optic chiasm
Point at which optic nerves cross
Superior colliculi
Part of the midbrain. Form the corpora quadrigemina with inferior colliculi. Controls visual reflexes.
Inferior Colliculi
Part of the midbrain. Form the corpora quadrigemina with superior colliculi. Controls auditory reflexes.
Arbor Vitae
Network of white matter inside cerebellum
Cerebellum
Works with cerebrum to coordinate skeletal muscles
Fourth ventricle
Located anterior to cerebellum
Cerebral aqueduct
Connects third and fourth ventricles
Medulla Oblongata
Regulates blood pressure, heart rate, and force of contraction, and respiratory rate. All ascending and descending motor impulses pass through here. Site where many fibers cross to the other side. Continuous with spinal cord.
Pons
Name means bridge. Links cerebellum with rest of brain.
Midbrain
Contains cerebral peduncles. Located between pons and diencephalon. Path for descending fibers to cerebellum and medula.
Dura mater
Forms a tough, protective sac. Periosteal layer fused to periosteum of skull and meningeal layer becomes outer covering for brain
Arachnoid mater
Middle layer of meninges lying deep to dura mater. Thin layer of interstitial fluid separates two layers, Connected to pia mater by web-like filaments
Pia mater
Deepest layer of meninges. Fused to surface of brain
Subarachnoid space
Between arachnoid and pia mater. Contains cerbrospinal fluid.
Olfactory
Sensory
Optic
Sensory
Oculomotor
Motor
Trochlear
Motor
Trigeminal
Both
Abducens
motor
Facial
Both
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
Glossopharyngeal
both
Vagus
both
Accessory
motor
Hypoglosseal
motor
The reflex arc
- Sensory recepor
- Sensory Neuron
- Integrating Center
- Motor Neuron
- Effector organ
Monosynaptic reflex
Consists of only two neurons. Sensory neuron synapses directly on motor neuron. Only one synapse between neurons. Simplest and fastest type of reflex. Ex patellar reflex.
Polysynaptic Reflex
Consists of at least three neurons. Sensory neuron synapses on interneuron. Interneuron synapses on motor neuron. A minimum of two synapses. Most reflexes are polysynaptic. Example, flexor withdrawal reflex
Lacrimal Sac
Collects tears draining away from eye in lacrimal canalliculi. Empties into nasalaterol duct
Trochlea
Loop of fibrous tissue. Tendon of superior oblique mucle passes through it.
Superior oblique
Turns eyeball inferiorly and laterally
Medial rectus
Turns eyeball medially
Lateral Rectus
Turns eyeball laterally
Inferior Oblique
Turns eyeball superiorly and laterally
Inferior rectus
Turns eyeball inferiorly
Superior rectus
Turns eyeball superiorly
Sclera
Commonly called “white of the eye” Supports shape of the eye. Extrinsic eye muscles insert into it.
Choroid
Extensive capillary network that supplies oxygen and nutrients to internal eye structures
Retina
Houses photoreceptors, rods, and cones.
Macula lutea
Highest concentration of photoreceptors
Fovea centralis
Shallow pit in center of macula lutea. Site of sharpest vision, contains only cones. Image of object you are looking out falls on fovea.
Optic nerve
Cranial nerve 2. formed by axons from neural tunic.
Carries visual information to brain
Optic disk
Point at which axons from retinal neurons converge to form optic nerve. Contains no photoreceptors. also called blind spot.
Posterior Cavity
Area between lens and retina. Contains virteous humor, a semi-solid gel-like substance
Anterior Cavity
Area between cornea and lens. Anterior chamber-between cornea and iris and posterior chamber between iris and lens. Contains aqueous humor, a watery fluid that circulates through anterior cavity.
Ora Serrata
Inferior edge of neural tunic
Pupil
Opening in the center of iris. Size changes depending on light situtaitons and contraction or relaxtion of iris muscles
Iris
Consists of two intrinsic eye muscles that contract or relax to regulate amount of light entering the eyeball. Both are smooth muscle
Cornea
Anterior portion of fibrous tunic. Transparent, allows light to enter eyeball. It’s curve focuses light rays to retina.
Ciliary Muscle
An intrinsic eye muscle. Constriction reduces tension on suspensory ligaments and lens. Relaxation increases tension on suspensory ligaments and lens
Ciliary Process
Attachment site for suspensory ligaments. Secretes aqueous humor.
Lens
Changes shape to focus light onto retina
Auricle
The visible external portion of the ear. Also called the pinna.
Auditory Ossicles
Three smallest bones in the body. Span the middle ear. Carry mechanical vibration from lymphatic membrane to oval window. Malleus, Incus, Stapes.
Auditory tube
Also called the Eustachian tube. Connects middle ear to pharynx. Opens when you swallow to equalize air pressure in middle ear.
Oval Window
Divides middle and inner ear. Attached to stapes. Carries vibrations into inner ear.
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum. Separates outer from middle ear. Vibrates like a drum head when struck by sound waves. This converts sound waves into physical movements (mechanical vibration)
External auditory meatus and canal
External opening and canal that captures and carries sound waves to tympanic membrane. Secretes cerumen.
Semicircular canals
Three circular canals: anterior, posterior and lateral. Houses sensory receptor cells for equilibrium. Base of each canal is the ampulla which contains hair cells in a structure called the crista.
Cochlear duct
Contains endolymph. Houses sensory receptor cells for hearing, the organs of Corti. Hair cells are bent by sound waves.
Cochlea
Part of bony labyrinth. Curled into a spiral. Houses cochlear duct.
Round window
Membrane covered opening between cochlea and middle ear
Saccule
Detects vertical acceleration. (Riding in an elevator)
Utricle
Detects horizontal acceleration. (Speeding up in a car)
Vestibule
Region consists of utricle and saccule.
