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Human A&P Lab > Exercise 5: Histology and Body Membranes > Flashcards

Exercise 5: Histology and Body Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of similar cells grouped together to function as unit.

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2
Q

Four types of tissue.

A
  1. ) Epithelial Tissue
  2. ) Connective Tissue
  3. ) Muscular Tissue
  4. ) Nervous Tissue
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3
Q

Apical Surface

A

The free or exposed surface of tissue.

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4
Q

Basal Surface

A

Sits on the basement membrane. It is opposite the apical surface of the tissue.

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue is characterized on two things:

A
  1. ) Number of layers.

2. ) Shape of individual cells.

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6
Q

Avascular

A

Epithelial tissues are avascular. It does not have its own direct blood supply.

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7
Q

Simple Squamous ET

A

Function: Allows for easy movement of molecules across the membrane via processes such as osmosis and diffusion.

Location: Kidney glomeruli, alveoli of the lungs, lining of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serous membranes.

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8
Q

Simple Cuboidal ET

A

Function: Secretion and absorption.

Location: Kidney tubules, small ducts and glands, thyroid gland, and covering the ovary.

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9
Q

Simple Columnar ET

A

Function: Absorption, secretion and protection.

Location: Lining the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, ducts of large glands, small bronchi, and uterine tubes.

**Digestive tract lining possesses microvilli (brush border). They are short slender cell processes that increase the surface area available for the absorption of nutrients.

**Bronchi and uterine tube lining are ciliated. Used to propel mucus in the bronchi and ova in the uterine tubes.

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10
Q

Stratified Squamous ET, Keratinized

A

Function: Upper layers are filled with keratin, a hard protein. Designed for protection against pathogens, abrasion and chemicals.

Location: Epidermis of skin.

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11
Q

Stratified Squamous ET, Non-Keratinized

A

Function: Protection against underlying tissue. Upper layers of cell do not die and become filled with Keratin.

Location: Esophagus. vagina, mouth, rectum and anus.

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12
Q

Stratified Cuboidal ET

A

Function: Absorption, Secretion and Protection.

Location: Ducts of sweat glands.

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13
Q

Stratified Columnar ET (Rare)

A

Function: Protection and secretion

Location: Protection in the urethra, anus, epiglottis, and pharynx.
Secretion in large ducts of mammary and salivary glands.

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14
Q

Pseudostratified Columar ET

A

Function: Goblet cells secrete mucus and cilia sweep it out of the airways.

Location: Lining the trachea and male reproductive ducts (ciliated and non-ciliated), and ducts of large glands (non-ciliated).

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15
Q

Transitional ET

A

Have larger and rounder apical surface cells.

Function: Distension of organs.

Location: Urinary bladder and uterus.

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16
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary

A

Function: Allows movement of the skeleton.

Location: Attached to bones.

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17
Q

Smooth Muscle (aka visceral muscle)

Involuntary

A

Function: Moves substances through digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, regulates blood vessel diameter and controls the diameter of respiratory passageways.

Location: Hollow organs such as, stomach, urinary bladder, and muscular blood vessels (arteries)

18
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Function: Contraction of the heart muscle.

Location: Heart wall.

Contains intercalated disks: Allow for communication between adjacent cells.

19
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Function: generates and conducts an electrical impulse. Carry information from one area of the body to another.

Cell axon= Cell process
Cell dentrites= Cell processes.

20
Q

Connective Tissue Function

A

Bind, support, protect and fill spaces.

21
Q

Three types of Connective Tissue

A
  1. ) Connective Tissue Proper
  2. ) Supporting Connective Tissue
  3. ) Fluid Connective Tissue
22
Q

Types of Loose Connective Tissue Proper

A
  1. ) Areolar CT
  2. ) Adipose CT
  3. )Reticular CT
23
Q

Types of dense CT proper

A
  1. ) Dense regular CT
  2. ) Dense Irregular CT
  3. ) Elastic
24
Q

Types of Supporting CT

A
  1. ) Hyaline Cartilage
  2. ) Fibrocartilage
  3. ) Elastic Cartilage
  4. ) Compact Bone
  5. ) Cancellous Bone
25
Q

Types of Fluid Connective Tissue

A
  1. ) Blood

2. ) Lymph

26
Q

Matrix

A

The space between cells. Produced and secreted by the connective tissue cells. Non-cellular, non-living and consists of ground substance and fibers

27
Q

Types of fibers

A
  1. ) Collagen
  2. ) Elastic
  3. ) Reticular
28
Q

Mesenchyme

A
  • Also called Embryonic CT
  • Loose, unspecialized tissue that develops in the embryo
  • Gel-like ground substance
  • Gives rise to all types of adult CT
29
Q

Areolar CT

A
  • Loose CT
  • Gel-like matrix with collagen and elastic fibers
  • Cells include fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages
  • Forms a layer to which epithelial cells may bind, as in the papillary layer of the dermis
  • Found around capillary networks where it binds and protects the capillaries.
30
Q

Adipose CT

A
  • Loose CT
  • Composed primarily of adipocytes that store lipids.
  • Only example of closely packed cells in CT
  • Sparse matrix and few fibers
  • Functions as protective padding, thermal insulation and energy storage.
  • Found in subcutaneous layer of the skin, around the kidneys, eyes, heart, in the breasts, and in the abdominal cavity.
31
Q

Reticular CT

A
  • Loose CT
  • Matrix consists of reticular fibers arranged in a network and loose ground substance
  • Main cell type is reticular cells
  • Forms flexible internal scaffolding that supports other types of cells
  • Found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver and kidney.
32
Q

Dense Regular CT

A
  • Dense CT
  • Matrix contains parallel bundles of collagen fibers and little ground substance
  • Parallel arrangement of collagen bundles gives this tissue great tensile strength in one direction
  • Main cell type is a fibroblast
  • Forms ligaments and tendons, where its tensile strength is able to anchor bones to each other and muscles to bones.
33
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A
  • Matrix consists of bundles of collagen fibers and little ground substance
  • Random arrangement of collagen bundles gives this tissue structural strength to resist tearing in all directions.
  • Main cell type is a fibroblast
  • Found in the reticular layer of the dermis, wall of the digestive tract, and fibrous capsules of organs and joints
34
Q

Elastic CT

A
  • Dense CT
  • Contains a high proportion of elastic fibers
  • Allows recoil of tissue following stretching
  • Found in walls of large arteries and the walls of brachial tubes
35
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Supporting CT
  • Very firm matrix containing collagen fibers. Matrix is compressible. Allows tissue to act as a shock absorber and to reduce friction between bony surfaces
  • Cells are chondrocytes located in cavities called lacunae.
  • Avascular tissue
  • Found covering the ends of long bones within joints, costal cartilage, and cartilage of nose, trachea and larynx.
36
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Supporting CT
  • Matrix contains collagen fibers like hyaline cartilage, but arrangement of fibers is more regular.
  • Tissue is a shock absorber with high tensile strength
  • Cells are chondrocytes in lacunae
  • Found in intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis and menisci of the knee.
37
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

*Supporting CT
*Firm matrix that has a greater number of elastic fibers
*Very flexible
*Found in auricle of outer ear and epiglottis
Cells are chondrocytes in lacunae

38
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • Supporting CT
  • Collagen fiber matrix that has been calcified to form hard tissue
  • Cells are osteocytes which are found in lacunae. Lacunae are interconnected by canaliculi
  • Contains osteons that consist of a central canal, surrounded by a concentric ring of matrix called lamellae
39
Q

Cancellous Bone

A
  • Supporting CT
  • Lighter and lese dense than compact bone
  • Consists of plates of bones called trabeculae that form small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow
  • Deep to compact bone
  • Red bone marrow produces blood cells in a process called hematopoiesis.
40
Q

Blood

A
  • Fluid CT
  • Watery matrix called plasma which contains dissolved protein fibers
  • Blood cells are suspended in plasma
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport respiratory gases
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells) body defense
  • Platelets involved in blood clotting.
  • Found within blood vessels
41
Q

Lymph

A
  • Fluid CT
  • Formed when interstitial fluid is transported from extracellular spaces of body tissue through lymphatic vessels until it ultimely returned to the veins of the cardiovascular system.
  • contains white blood cells predomininently lymphocytes.

Human A&P Lab (7 decks)

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