Practical considerations Flashcards
What are the 7 key practical considerations?
1) Risk
2) Valid consent
3) Confidentiality
4) Giving advice
5) Deception
6) Debriefing
7) Professionalism
Defined as the potential physical or psychological harm, discomfort or stress
This is known as…?
Risk
What is a risk?
Defined as the potential physical or psychological harm, discomfort or stress
True or False?
Normally, risk must be greater than in ordinary life
False
Normally, risk must be no greater than in ordinary life
What must researchers be responsible for in terms of identifying key practical considerations related to risks? List 3 things
1) Identify potential risks
2) Develop protocols for risk management
3) Inform participants of any risks
Which key practical consideration involves having the responsibility of identifying potential risks?
Risk
Which key practical consideration involves having the responsibility of developing protocols for risk management?
Risk
Which key practical consideration involves having the responsibility of informing participants of any risks?
Risk
What are the 9 types of risks that could be involved in research?
1) Vulnerable groups
2) Sensitive topics
3) Significant deception
4) Access to personal or confidential information
5) Access to sensitive data via third parties
6) Psychological stress, anxiety, humiliation
7) Invasive interventions, or more than minimal pain
8) Potential impact on employment or social standing
9) Labelling by researcher or participant
What are the 2 stages of informed and valued consent?
- Instructing potential participants about the nature of the study
- Obtaining their written agreement to take part (exceptions: public records, some field research)
- Instructing potential participants about the nature of the study
- Obtaining their written agreement to take part (exceptions: public records, some field research)
These are 2 stages involved in which key practical consideration?
Valid consent
What 4 things does the participant information form describe?
- The nature of the study
- Any potential risks or inconveniences
- The procedure for ensuring anonymity or confidentiality of data
- The voluntary nature of the study and the right to withdraw at any time.
- The nature of the study
- Any potential risks or inconveniences
- The procedure for ensuring anonymity or confidentiality of data
- The voluntary nature of the study and the right to withdraw at any time.
These are features of…?
Participant information forms
Who can give consent to participate in research?
- Anyone over 16 who are able to make decisions themselves
- Parents and legal guardians of children under 16
There are also guidelines for people aged 16+ who are unable to make decisions themselves i.e. they lack capacity (Mental Capacity Act, 2005).
This may be the result of a variety of conditions, including…? List 6 conditions
1) Dementia
2) Mental illness
3) Learning disability
4) Brain damage
5) Intoxication
6) Any other condition causing confusion, drowsiness or loss of consciousness (e.g. concussion, stroke, heart attack, epileptic fit, serious accident, delirium)
The Mental Capacity Act says that a person is unable to make a decision if they are unable to…? List 4 conditions
1) Understand the information relevant to the decision
2) Retain the information
3) Use or weigh the information
4) Communicate his or her decision (by any means
True or False?
Participants should be advised at the outset that that they have the right to refuse to participate or to withdraw from the study
True
Participants should be advised at the outset that they have the right to refuse to participate or to withdraw from the study …?
Select all that apply
a. At any time
b. Without giving a reason
c. Without prejudice
a. At any time
b. Without giving a reason
c. Without prejudice
Participants do not have the right to withdraw their data retrospectively (once the research has been conducted and data has been collected)
True or False?
False
Participants also have the right to withdraw their data retrospectively
Where any identifying information is collected, that information must be kept anonymous and confidential
This is known as…?
Confidentiality
What is confidentiality?
Where any identifying information is collected, that information must be kept anonymous and confidential
True or False?
Information provided by participants in research can be divulged to any outside source
False
Information provided by participants in research should not be divulged to any outside source
When is giving advice considered ethical? List 3 conditions
1) It forms an intrinsic part of the study
2) It has been agreed with the participant in advance
3) It has been subject to ethics review in advance
What should you do if you obtain evidence of problems unexpectedly? List 2 things
1) Give whatever advice you can to the participant IF failing to give advice endangers their future wellbeing
2) Should identify the risk of such evidence emerging
True or False?
You are allowed to offer an opinion that falls outside your realm of professional expertise
False
NEVER offer an opinion that falls outside your realm of professional expertise
Which issue sets psychology apart from other research subjects?
Deception
True or False?
Participants have the right not to be deceived unnecessarily
True
What are the consequences of deception by commission?
Actively misleading
What are the consequences of deception by omission?
Failing to disclose all details
What are the 3 examples of accidental deception?
1) Misunderstandings of what is required in the study
2) Misrepresentations of the amount of time required
3) Experimental ‘extras’ that aren’t explained to the participants prior to obtaining consent
Responsibility of research where deception has been employed to ensure Ps are provided with sufficient information to fully understand the nature of the research at the earliest opportunity
This is known as…?
Debriefing
What is debriefing?
Responsibility of research where deception has been employed to ensure Ps are provided with sufficient information to fully understand the nature of the research at the earliest opportunity
Debriefing is..?
a. An active intervention
b. An inactive intervention
a. An active intervention
What are the 2 main purposes of debriefing?
1) Providing information to P about their role in the study both before and after they participate
2) Attempts to reduce any distress that may have been or are likely to be caused by the study
Researchers have the responsibility to report with honesty and accuracy the results of their studies and must also ensure that they give credit to the original sources of ideas and other intellectual contributions when it has been used in their work.
This is known as…?
Professionalism
What is professionalism?
Researchers have the responsibility to report with honesty and accuracy the results of their studies and must also ensure that they give credit to the original sources of ideas and other intellectual contributions when it has been used in their work
Researchers must maintain original data and electronic copies of the project write-up for potential verification
True or False?
True
What should participants expect in the pre-study segment of research? List 2 things
1) Information about purpose, risks, rewards
2) Opportunity to ask questions
What should participants expect in the during-study segment of research? List 2 things
1) Right to withdraw
2) No unexpected risks
What should participants expect in the post-study segment of research? List 3 things
1) Debrief (incl. any deception explained and justified)
2) Right to withdraw
3) Opportunity to ask questions and/or see results
Information about purpose, risks, rewards
Does this apply to:
a. Pre-study
b. During study
c. Post-study
a. Pre-study
Opportunity to ask questions only
Does this apply to:
a. Pre-study
b. During study
c. Post-study
a. Pre-study
Right to withdraw
Does this apply to:
a. Pre-study
b. During study
c. Post-study
b. During study
c. Post-study
No unexpected risks
Does this apply to:
a. Pre-study
b. During study
c. Post-study
b. During study
Debrief (incl. any deception explained and justified)
Does this apply to:
a. Pre-study
b. During study
c. Post-study
c. Post-study
Opportunity to ask questions and/or see results
Does this apply to:
a. Pre-study
b. During study
c. Post-study
c. Post-study
Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria when assessing an individual’s mental capacity?
a. Understanding of information
b. Retention of information
c. Repeat information back to the researcher
d. Communication of a decision
c. Repeat information back to the researcher
In which of the following situations is it not appropriate to give advice?
a. when it has been agreed with participant in advance
b. when the advice has not been subject to ethics review in advance
c. when the advice forms an intrinsic part of the study
d. when the advice is within the realms of our professional expertise
b. when the advice has not been subject to ethics review in advance
Participants can exercise their right to withdraw and should not expect to be exposed to any risks that they haven’t previously been made aware of.
Which does this apply to?
a. Pre-study
b. During study
c. Post-study
b. During study
Participants are given information about the risks, purpose or the research and any potential benefits. They are given the opportunity to ask questions.
Which does this apply to?
a. Pre-study
b. During study
c. Post-study
a. Pre-study
An explanation of the study is given, including details and justification of any deception. Participants can exercise their right to withdraw and are given the opportunity to ask questions.
Which does this apply to?
a. Pre-study
b. During study
c. Post-study
c. Post-study
Debriefing is an active intervention
True or False?
True
Participants do not have the right to withdraw their data retrospectively
True or False?
False
Participants have the right to withdraw their data retrospectively
Participant information forms should detail how data will be kept confidential
True or False?
True
