Practical 4 Flashcards
Functions of Urinary System
Excretion, Regulation, Production of Hormones
Main Urinary System Organs
Kidney, Ureter, Urethra, Bladder
Normal Components of Urine
Water, Ions, Urea, Uric Acid, Ammonia, Creatine
Abnormal Components of Urine
Glucose, Large Proteins, RBCs, WBCs, Bacteria, Ketone Bodies, Casts
Protective Layers of the Kidney
Renal Capsule, Adipose Capsule, Renal Fascia
Know Where The Following Are
Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Renal Sinus, Renal Pyramid, Renal Column, Renal Lobe, Nephron
Function of Nephron
Get the substances you want out of your body in the filtrate to be excreted and reabsorb everything you want to keep
Filtration: only occurs at glomerulus
Secretion: from the blood into the tubule and filtrate
Reabsorption: from the tubule and filtrate back into the blood
Nephron Components
Glomerulus, Bowman’s Capsule, Renal Tubule
Nephron Loop
Renal Corpuscule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Descending Limb of Nephron Loop, Ascending Limb, Distal Convoluted, Collecting Duct, Papillary Duct
Filtration Membrane
Endothelium –> Basement Membrane –> Slit Membrane –> Podocytes
Cortical Nephron
Mostly found in cortex of kidney
Smaller
Nephron Loops dips into the medullary region of the kidney just a little bit
Vasculature around the loop is messy
Juxtamedullary Nephron
Glomerular Corpuscule, PCT, DCT = all in cortex region
Larger
Almost the entire nephron loop is in medullary region
Vasculature around the loop is clean and organized (Vasa Recta)
Keeps medulla salty
Urination
Ureters
- Propel urine by peristalsis, hydrostatic pressure, and gravity
Urinary Bladder
- Micturition: detrusor muscle contracts and forces urine out of the urinary bladder
Urethra
- Internal/ External Urethral Sphincters relax to allow the passage of urine (Internal - involuntary, External - voluntary)
Renal Blood Flow
Renal Artery –> Segmental Artery –> Interlobar Artery –> Arcuate Artery –> Cortical Radiate Artery –> Afferent Arteriole –> Glomerulus –> Efferent Arteriole –> Peritubular Capillaries –> Cortical Radiate Vein –> Arcuate Vein –> Interlobar Vein –> Renal Vein –>
Renal Corpuscle
Plasma is filtered across filtration barries
Large molecules (albumin) and formed elements should not pass
- Leaving blood proteins and cell components behind in the blood
Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Volume of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys per minute
- Affected mainly by BP in glomerulus which can usually be maintained by afferent/efferent arteriole diameter
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Reabsorption of important nutrients, solutes, and water
Secretion
Descending vs. Ascending
Descending
- Permeable to H2O but NOT solutes
- Filtrate osmolarity (solute concentration) increases as H2O leaves tubule
Ascending
- Permeable to solutes, much less permeable to H2O
- Filtrate osmolarity decreases as solute leaves tubule
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Small amounts of Na+ and Cl- reabsorbed
Small amount of H2O follows
Filtrate is MORE DILUTE than when it was first filtered in glomerular capsule (less substances in it)
Late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
Late DCT
- Secretion of K+ and H+
Collecting
- “Fine-tune”
-ADH: increases aquaporins which directly increases passive water reabsorption
- Aldosterone: increases Na+, Cl- reabsorption and consequently water follows ( indirect passive water reabsorption)
Functions of the Reproductive System
maturation and transportation of oocytes, site of fertilization and development of embryo and fetus. produce milk, and various hormones
Regions of the Uterine Tube
Isthmus
- Narrow portion of uterine tubes that opens into uterus
Ampulla
- Middle region
- Place of fertilization
Infundibulum
-Distal
- Funnel Shaped Portion of the Uterine Tubes
-Fimbriae: finger like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes
Regions of the Uterine Tube
Isthmus
- Narrow portion of uterine tubes that opens into uterus
Ampulla
- Middle region
- Place of fertilization
Infundibulum
-Distal
- Funnel Shaped Portion of the Uterine Tubes
-Fimbriae: finger like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes
-Movement helps sweep ovulated oocyte into uterine tube
Regions of Uterus
Fundus, Body, Cervix
Cervical Canal
-found between internal and external os
-Uterus –> internal os –> cervical canal –> external os –> vagina
Uterine Cavity
-Space within the uterus (place where fetus is held)
Endometrium
Vascular, glandular layer where embryo gets implanted in
2 Layers:
Stratum Functionalis: shed during menstruation
Stratum Basalis: Forms new functionalis layer
Myometrium
Thickest layer
3 smooth muscle sublayers:
Oblique, circular, longitudinal
Perimetrium
thin part of visceral peritoneum
Broad Ligament
sheet-like peritoneum holds ovaries and uterine tubes in place
Ovarian Ligaments
holds ovaries to uterus
Suspensory Ligaments
holds ovaries to pelvic wall
Round Ligaments
holds uterus to labia majora
Cardinal Ligaments
holds cervix to pelvic wall
Uterosacral Ligaments
holds uterus to sacrum
Mons Pubis
adipose tissue covering pubic symphsis
Labia Majora
thick folds of skin and adipose tissue
Labia Minora
thin folds medial to labia major (anteriorly, form prepuce, fold/hood over the clitoris)
Clitoris
primary center of sexual stimulation
Vaginal Orifice
opening to vagina
Accessory Glands
the greater vestibular glands and paraurethral glands
Greater Vestibular Glands
located on each side of the vagina
secretes fluid into the lower vagina
homologous to bulbourethral glands
Paraurethral Glands
located near the external urethral orifice
secrete fluid into vestibule
Areola
darkened area surrounding nipple
Nipple
raised structure at the apex of a breast
Lobules
clusters of milk producing glands
Acini
milk producing glands (many within each lobule)
Lobe
several lobules make up a lobe, drained by one mammary duct each
Milk Flow
alveoli –> mammary duct –> lactiferous sinus –> lactiferous ducts –> ejected through nipple
Functions of Male Reproductive System
produce, store, transport sperm and testes produce androgens
Scrotum
sac of loose skin, muscle, fibrous connective tissue containing the testes
Penis
copulatory organ used to deposit semen in the vagina
Tunica Vaginalis
extension of the peritoneum
folds to wrap around each testis
Tunica Albuginea
dense connective tissue
extends into the testes forming septa which divide the testes into lobules
Dartos Muscle
smooth muscle (involuntary)
lines wall of scrotum
pulls on skin of the scrotum to reduce surface area and raise them
Cremaster Muscle
skeletal muscle and smooth muscle fibers
raise testes closer to the body to heat them and lowers testes away from the body to cool them (temperature regulation)
Sperm Production and Flow
Seminiferous Tubule (where sperm production occurs) –> Rete Testis –> Efferent Ductules –> Duct of the Epidymis (where sperm is stored and matured) –> Ductus Deferens –> Ampulla of the Ductus Deferens –> Ejaculatory Duct –> Prostatic Urethra –> Membranous Urethra –> Spongy Urethra
