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PSIO 202 > Practical 4 > Flashcards

Practical 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Urinary System

A

Excretion, Regulation, Production of Hormones

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2
Q

Main Urinary System Organs

A

Kidney, Ureter, Urethra, Bladder

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3
Q

Normal Components of Urine

A

Water, Ions, Urea, Uric Acid, Ammonia, Creatine

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4
Q

Abnormal Components of Urine

A

Glucose, Large Proteins, RBCs, WBCs, Bacteria, Ketone Bodies, Casts

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5
Q

Protective Layers of the Kidney

A

Renal Capsule, Adipose Capsule, Renal Fascia

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6
Q

Know Where The Following Are

A

Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Renal Sinus, Renal Pyramid, Renal Column, Renal Lobe, Nephron

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7
Q

Function of Nephron

A

Get the substances you want out of your body in the filtrate to be excreted and reabsorb everything you want to keep
Filtration: only occurs at glomerulus
Secretion: from the blood into the tubule and filtrate
Reabsorption: from the tubule and filtrate back into the blood

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8
Q

Nephron Components

A

Glomerulus, Bowman’s Capsule, Renal Tubule

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9
Q

Nephron Loop

A

Renal Corpuscule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Descending Limb of Nephron Loop, Ascending Limb, Distal Convoluted, Collecting Duct, Papillary Duct

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10
Q

Filtration Membrane

A

Endothelium –> Basement Membrane –> Slit Membrane –> Podocytes

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11
Q

Cortical Nephron

A

Mostly found in cortex of kidney
Smaller
Nephron Loops dips into the medullary region of the kidney just a little bit
Vasculature around the loop is messy

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12
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron

A

Glomerular Corpuscule, PCT, DCT = all in cortex region
Larger
Almost the entire nephron loop is in medullary region
Vasculature around the loop is clean and organized (Vasa Recta)
Keeps medulla salty

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13
Q

Urination

A

Ureters
- Propel urine by peristalsis, hydrostatic pressure, and gravity
Urinary Bladder
- Micturition: detrusor muscle contracts and forces urine out of the urinary bladder
Urethra
- Internal/ External Urethral Sphincters relax to allow the passage of urine (Internal - involuntary, External - voluntary)

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14
Q

Renal Blood Flow

A

Renal Artery –> Segmental Artery –> Interlobar Artery –> Arcuate Artery –> Cortical Radiate Artery –> Afferent Arteriole –> Glomerulus –> Efferent Arteriole –> Peritubular Capillaries –> Cortical Radiate Vein –> Arcuate Vein –> Interlobar Vein –> Renal Vein –>

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15
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

Plasma is filtered across filtration barries
Large molecules (albumin) and formed elements should not pass
- Leaving blood proteins and cell components behind in the blood
Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Volume of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys per minute
- Affected mainly by BP in glomerulus which can usually be maintained by afferent/efferent arteriole diameter

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16
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

Reabsorption of important nutrients, solutes, and water
Secretion

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17
Q

Descending vs. Ascending

A

Descending
- Permeable to H2O but NOT solutes
- Filtrate osmolarity (solute concentration) increases as H2O leaves tubule
Ascending
- Permeable to solutes, much less permeable to H2O
- Filtrate osmolarity decreases as solute leaves tubule

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18
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

Small amounts of Na+ and Cl- reabsorbed
Small amount of H2O follows
Filtrate is MORE DILUTE than when it was first filtered in glomerular capsule (less substances in it)

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19
Q

Late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct

A

Late DCT
- Secretion of K+ and H+
Collecting
- “Fine-tune”
-ADH: increases aquaporins which directly increases passive water reabsorption
- Aldosterone: increases Na+, Cl- reabsorption and consequently water follows ( indirect passive water reabsorption)

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20
Q

Functions of the Reproductive System

A

maturation and transportation of oocytes, site of fertilization and development of embryo and fetus. produce milk, and various hormones

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21
Q

Regions of the Uterine Tube

A

Isthmus
- Narrow portion of uterine tubes that opens into uterus
Ampulla
- Middle region
- Place of fertilization
Infundibulum
-Distal
- Funnel Shaped Portion of the Uterine Tubes
-Fimbriae: finger like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes

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21
Q

Regions of the Uterine Tube

A

Isthmus
- Narrow portion of uterine tubes that opens into uterus
Ampulla
- Middle region
- Place of fertilization
Infundibulum
-Distal
- Funnel Shaped Portion of the Uterine Tubes
-Fimbriae: finger like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes
-Movement helps sweep ovulated oocyte into uterine tube

22
Q

Regions of Uterus

A

Fundus, Body, Cervix
Cervical Canal
-found between internal and external os
-Uterus –> internal os –> cervical canal –> external os –> vagina
Uterine Cavity
-Space within the uterus (place where fetus is held)

23
Q

Endometrium

A

Vascular, glandular layer where embryo gets implanted in
2 Layers:
Stratum Functionalis: shed during menstruation
Stratum Basalis: Forms new functionalis layer

24
Q

Myometrium

A

Thickest layer
3 smooth muscle sublayers:
Oblique, circular, longitudinal

25
Q

Perimetrium

A

thin part of visceral peritoneum

26
Q

Broad Ligament

A

sheet-like peritoneum holds ovaries and uterine tubes in place

27
Q

Ovarian Ligaments

A

holds ovaries to uterus

28
Q

Suspensory Ligaments

A

holds ovaries to pelvic wall

29
Q

Round Ligaments

A

holds uterus to labia majora

30
Q

Cardinal Ligaments

A

holds cervix to pelvic wall

31
Q

Uterosacral Ligaments

A

holds uterus to sacrum

32
Q

Mons Pubis

A

adipose tissue covering pubic symphsis

33
Q

Labia Majora

A

thick folds of skin and adipose tissue

34
Q

Labia Minora

A

thin folds medial to labia major (anteriorly, form prepuce, fold/hood over the clitoris)

35
Q

Clitoris

A

primary center of sexual stimulation

36
Q

Vaginal Orifice

A

opening to vagina

37
Q

Accessory Glands

A

the greater vestibular glands and paraurethral glands

38
Q

Greater Vestibular Glands

A

located on each side of the vagina
secretes fluid into the lower vagina
homologous to bulbourethral glands

39
Q

Paraurethral Glands

A

located near the external urethral orifice
secrete fluid into vestibule

40
Q

Areola

A

darkened area surrounding nipple

41
Q

Nipple

A

raised structure at the apex of a breast

42
Q

Lobules

A

clusters of milk producing glands

43
Q

Acini

A

milk producing glands (many within each lobule)

44
Q

Lobe

A

several lobules make up a lobe, drained by one mammary duct each

45
Q

Milk Flow

A

alveoli –> mammary duct –> lactiferous sinus –> lactiferous ducts –> ejected through nipple

46
Q

Functions of Male Reproductive System

A

produce, store, transport sperm and testes produce androgens

47
Q

Scrotum

A

sac of loose skin, muscle, fibrous connective tissue containing the testes

48
Q

Penis

A

copulatory organ used to deposit semen in the vagina

49
Q

Tunica Vaginalis

A

extension of the peritoneum
folds to wrap around each testis

50
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

dense connective tissue
extends into the testes forming septa which divide the testes into lobules

51
Q

Dartos Muscle

A

smooth muscle (involuntary)
lines wall of scrotum
pulls on skin of the scrotum to reduce surface area and raise them

52
Q

Cremaster Muscle

A

skeletal muscle and smooth muscle fibers
raise testes closer to the body to heat them and lowers testes away from the body to cool them (temperature regulation)

53
Q

Sperm Production and Flow

A

Seminiferous Tubule (where sperm production occurs) –> Rete Testis –> Efferent Ductules –> Duct of the Epidymis (where sperm is stored and matured) –> Ductus Deferens –> Ampulla of the Ductus Deferens –> Ejaculatory Duct –> Prostatic Urethra –> Membranous Urethra –> Spongy Urethra

PSIO 202 (6 decks)

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