Exam 2 Flashcards
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
Gas Exchange
Protection
Produce Sound
Regulation
Expulsion of Abdominal Contents
External Nares = Nasal Vestibule True or False
True
Nasopharynx
Connects via internal nares
Inferior Border at soft palate
What is the pharyngotympanic tube used for?
Pressure Equalization
Where does the oropharynx go from?
Soft Palate to the Epiglottis
What does the uvula do?
Moves into place to separate oral and nasal cavities
Laryngopharynx
Goes from epiglottis to esophagus
Posterior to larynx
Major Functions of the Larynx
Passageway for air
Keep food/drink out of respiratory system
Sound production
What is the epiglottis made up of
Elastic Cartilage
What does the epiglottis do in order to prevent food/liquid from entering the respiratory tract
Folds over
Why do we cough?
When anything other than air comes in
What is the Adam’s Apple
laryngeal prominence
Cricoid Function
Protects the glottis and entrance to trachea
Function and Other Name for Vestibular Folds
Helps to close off larynx during swallowing
False Vocal Cords
What do longer and thicker vocal cords mean?
Deeper Voice
First Affect of Sound Production
movement of air through the larynx and vibration of vocal cords
Second Step of Sound Production
amplification in pharynx, oral and nasal cavities
Third Step of Sound Production
modification via tongue, soft palate and lips
Goblet Cells Function
secrete thick saline solution to keep things moist
Cilia Function
sweep anything stuck in mucus to pharynx to be swallowed
Which primary bronchi is larger than the left?
Right
Does relative smooth muscle increase or decrease as you move from primary to tertiary bronchi?
Increase
What are the bronchi and bronchioles the site of?
Bronchoconstriction vs. Bronchodilation
What are the 6 things each lobule contains?
Lymph Vessel, Arteriole, Venule, Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli
Respiratory Zone List
Respiratory Bronchioles –> Alveolar Duct –> Atrium –> Alveoli
Type 1 Alveolus Cells
95% of surface area
squamous epithelium
form walls of alveoli
extremely thin
Type 2 Alveolus Cells
Smaller and rare
secrete surfactant
Move fluid in and out of alveoli
Function of Alveolar Macrophages
remove dust and other things that get caught in mucus
How does air flow? (2 things)
Flow depends on pressure gradients
Flow decreases as resistance increases
Air Flow Diagram
Change in Lung Volume –> Change in Lung Air Pressire vs. Atmospheric Air –> Air movement
What happens when atm air pressure is bigger than lung air pressure?
Air moves into lungs (inhalation)
How do you make a change in lung volume?
Use a skeletal muscle pump to change volume of the thoracic cavity
Muscles Used in Inspiration
Diaphragm (contract to increase thoracic volume)
External Intercostals (elevate ribs to increase thoracic volume)
Muscles Used in Expiration
Diaphragm (relaxation to decrease thoracic volume)
Internal Intercostals (depress ribs to decrease thoracic volume)
4 Accessory Muscles to Inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Internal Intercostals
Pectoralis Major and Minor
3 Accessory Muscles to Expiration
Rectus Abdominis
External Abdominal Oblique
Erector Spinae
Is inspiration an active or passive process?
Active
Do you need a higher or lower alveolar pressure for air to move in?
Lower
Intrapleural Pressure
should be negative relative to intrapulmonary
around -4 mm Hg
2 Factors Contributing to Inward Force for Negative Intrapleural Pressure
Elastic recoil of lung
surface tension of alveolar fluid
What happens when atm pressure is equal to intrapleural pressure?
Lung Collapses (Atelectasis)
