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PSIO 202 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Major Functions of Cardio System

A

Transport
- Take in materials
- Move materials within the body
-Remove materials

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Arteries carry O2 poor blood to the lungs
Veins carry O2 rich blood to heart

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3
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Arteries carry O2 rich blood to the body
Veins carry O2 poor blood to heart

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4
Q

Superficial to Deep Layers of the Heart

A

Fibrous Layer
Parietal Layer of Serous Pericardium
Pericardial Activity
Visceral Layer of Serous Pericardium (Epicardium)

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5
Q

Chordae Tendinae (explain what they are)

A

collagenous tendons that attach valves to walls of ventricles
Prevents valves from opening into the atria –> no backflow

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6
Q

Papillary Muscles

A

Anchoring Point for chordae tendinae which regulate tension of cords

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7
Q

Right Coronary Artery (what does it supply and branches of it)

A

Supplies the SA and AV node, parts of the right atrium, interventricular septum, and both ventricles
Marginal Branch: anterior right ventricle
Posterior IV Branch: posterior portions of both ventricles

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8
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A

Supplies SA node, left atrium, interventricular septum, and both ventricles
Circumflex Branch- left atrium and posterior left ventricle
Anterior Interventricular Branch- anterior portions of both ventricles

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9
Q

Important Cardiac Muscle Features

A

Intercalcated Disc Structure
- Interdigitating Folds: increase contact surface area between cells
- Mechanical Junctions: fascia adherenes act like Velcro to stick cells together–> Mechanical connection & desmosomes anchor cells together

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10
Q

Pacemaker Cells

A

1% of myocardial cells are specialized to generate action potentials (aka autorhytmic cells –> and not started by the nervous system)

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11
Q

Electrical Events Leading to a Heartbeat

A

-Initiated by pacemaker cells in SA node
- Spread via gap junctions and conducting network

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12
Q

Mechanical Events Leading to a Heartbeat

A

-Caused by electrical events
-Includes contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)

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13
Q

Pacemaker Potential Steps

A
  1. Slow influx of Na +
  2. # 1 + voltage gated Ca2+ channels open –> rapid depolarization
  3. Efflux of K+ –> repolarization
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14
Q

Electrical Signal Conduction

A

1) SA node fires
2) Excitation spreads through atrial myocardium
3) AV node fires
4) Excitation spreads down AV bundle
5) Subendocardial conducting network distributes excitation through ventricular myocardium

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15
Q

Key Difference between Cell Excitation in Cardio

A

Ca2+ signaling

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16
Q

Contractile Cell Excitation

A
  1. Voltage gated Na+ channels open
  2. Fast depolarization of membrane
  3. Closing of Na+ channels
  4. Opening of slow Ca2+ channels
  5. Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels open –> repolarization
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17
Q

P-Wave

A

AP generated in SA node –> atrial depolarization

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18
Q

PQ Segment

A

pause at AV node and conduction through septum

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19
Q

QRS Complex

A

ventricular depolarization + atrial repolarization

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20
Q

ST segment

A

corresponds to plateau of ventricular cardiomyocytes APs

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21
Q

T Wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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22
Q

TP Segment

A

period of rest and filling

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23
Q

Contractile Cell Contraction

A

myofilaments slide along each other –> shortened sarcomeres –> tension

24
Q

Atrial Contraction

A

sarcomeres of contractile cells shorten –> tension –> decrease in atrial size (volume) –> increase of BP in atria –> blood moves into ventricles

25
Wiggers Diagram
Study!!
26
Heart Rate Regulation
Autonomic Regulation - Cardiac Center in Medullar - Normal HR = 60-100 bpm - Parasympathetic - slows heart rate (inhibitory) - via vagus nerve - targets SA and AV node -Sympathetic -Speeds up HR (excitatory) -Targets SA and AV nodes, muscles, coronary arteries
27
Study HR Regulation Processes
:)
28
2 ways to speed up HR
1. Block parasympathetic branch 2. Increase sympathetic input
29
3 Influencing Factors for Stroke Volume
1. Preload - degree of stretch (EDV) 2. Contractility - contractile strength at a given length (ESV) 3. Afterload - pressure overcome to eject blood (ESV)
30
Frank Starling Mechanism
STUDY!!
31
Pre-Load (main points abt it)
Degree of cardiac muscle sarcomere stretch -Increased preload --> Increased SV -Cardiac muscle sarcomeres normally at less-than-optimal length - Stretching --> Optimal Sarcomere length--> Increased ability to generate force BIGGEST FACTOR = VENOUS RETURN
32
Contractility
Contractile strength for a given preload If more Ca2+ enters cardiac muscle --> more crossbridge formation --> stronger contraction --> more blood ejected from heart
33
Afterload
Pressure need to overcome in order to eject blood hypertension --> reduces ability of ventricles to eject blood --> increase in ESV
34
Factors that Affect Cardiac Output
Hypocalcemia, Hypercalcemia, Hypernatremia, Hyperkalemia
35
Elastic Arteries (features and examples)
AKA Conducting Thick-walled, near heart Large lumen, lots of elastin EX: Aorta, Carotid
36
Muscular Arteries
AKA Distributing Most named arteries Lots of smooth muscle EX: Brachial, femoral
37
Resistance Arteries
Includes arterioles Mostly smooth muscle Major site of regulation
38
Capillaries
One cell layer thick Simple endothelium Site of exchange between blood and ISF
39
Capillary Beds (Perfusion and Vascular Shunt)
Perfusion: movement of blood into a capillary bed -Arteriole --> capillary --> venule Vascular Shunt: - Bypass to skip capillary bed -Metarteriole + thoroughfare channel
40
How are Capillary Beds Regulated
Upstream Arterioles - blood never reaches capillary bed Precapillary Sphincters: single smooth muscle cells + close off individual capillaries from metarteriole --> vascular shunt
41
Capillary Exchange (what is dropped off and picked up)
Dropped Off: O2, glucose, nutrients, antibodies, hormones, etc. Picked Up: CO2 and metabolic wastes, glucose & nutrients (adipose tissue, liver & digestive system) anitbodies, hormones
42
4 Major Mechanisms of Movements
Diffusion Transcytosis Filtration Reabsorption
43
Major Routes of Capillary Exchange
Through endothelial cell layer Through spaces between endothelial cells Through filtration pores
44
Capillary Exchange - Diffusion General Properties
Passive transport Move from high concentration to low concentration Move until equilibrium Fast over short distances, slow over long ones Can happen in open or closed systems
45
Diffusion
Specific to capillaries Through endothelial cell membrane, intercellular clefts, or filtration pores
46
Transcytosis
Infrequent mode of transport Move very large molecules Enodcytosis + vesicular transport + exocytosis
47
Filtration and Reabsorption
Physical pressure forces fluid through the membrane Re-enters microcirculation on venous side due to pressure changes
48
Postcapillary Venules
Convergence of capillaries Still porous
49
Muscular Venules
Add one or two layers of muscle Up to 1 mm in diameter
50
Medium Veins
Most named veins Distal veins often have valves 1-10 mm in diameter
51
Venous Sinuses
Thin walls, large lumens, no muscles EX: dural sinuses in brain
52
Large Veins
3 distinct layers, lots of muscle Thinner walls and larger lumens than arteries EX: Venage Cavae, Pulmonary Veins >10 mm in diameter
53
Simple Circulation Diagram
BE ABLE TO DRAW
54
Blood Flow and Pressure
Be able to describe basics
55
What happens when ventricular pressure > aortic pressure
Ejection of blood from ventricles to aorta Aortic pressure increases then quickly decreases as blood moves out into systemic circulation

PSIO 202 (6 decks)

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