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PSIO 202 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Major Functions of Cardio System

A

Transport
- Take in materials
- Move materials within the body
-Remove materials

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Arteries carry O2 poor blood to the lungs
Veins carry O2 rich blood to heart

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3
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Arteries carry O2 rich blood to the body
Veins carry O2 poor blood to heart

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4
Q

Superficial to Deep Layers of the Heart

A

Fibrous Layer
Parietal Layer of Serous Pericardium
Pericardial Activity
Visceral Layer of Serous Pericardium (Epicardium)

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5
Q

Chordae Tendinae (explain what they are)

A

collagenous tendons that attach valves to walls of ventricles
Prevents valves from opening into the atria –> no backflow

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6
Q

Papillary Muscles

A

Anchoring Point for chordae tendinae which regulate tension of cords

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7
Q

Right Coronary Artery (what does it supply and branches of it)

A

Supplies the SA and AV node, parts of the right atrium, interventricular septum, and both ventricles
Marginal Branch: anterior right ventricle
Posterior IV Branch: posterior portions of both ventricles

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8
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A

Supplies SA node, left atrium, interventricular septum, and both ventricles
Circumflex Branch- left atrium and posterior left ventricle
Anterior Interventricular Branch- anterior portions of both ventricles

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9
Q

Important Cardiac Muscle Features

A

Intercalcated Disc Structure
- Interdigitating Folds: increase contact surface area between cells
- Mechanical Junctions: fascia adherenes act like Velcro to stick cells together–> Mechanical connection & desmosomes anchor cells together

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10
Q

Pacemaker Cells

A

1% of myocardial cells are specialized to generate action potentials (aka autorhytmic cells –> and not started by the nervous system)

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11
Q

Electrical Events Leading to a Heartbeat

A

-Initiated by pacemaker cells in SA node
- Spread via gap junctions and conducting network

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12
Q

Mechanical Events Leading to a Heartbeat

A

-Caused by electrical events
-Includes contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)

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13
Q

Pacemaker Potential Steps

A
  1. Slow influx of Na +
  2. # 1 + voltage gated Ca2+ channels open –> rapid depolarization
  3. Efflux of K+ –> repolarization
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14
Q

Electrical Signal Conduction

A

1) SA node fires
2) Excitation spreads through atrial myocardium
3) AV node fires
4) Excitation spreads down AV bundle
5) Subendocardial conducting network distributes excitation through ventricular myocardium

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15
Q

Key Difference between Cell Excitation in Cardio

A

Ca2+ signaling

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16
Q

Contractile Cell Excitation

A
  1. Voltage gated Na+ channels open
  2. Fast depolarization of membrane
  3. Closing of Na+ channels
  4. Opening of slow Ca2+ channels
  5. Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels open –> repolarization
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17
Q

P-Wave

A

AP generated in SA node –> atrial depolarization

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18
Q

PQ Segment

A

pause at AV node and conduction through septum

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19
Q

QRS Complex

A

ventricular depolarization + atrial repolarization

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20
Q

ST segment

A

corresponds to plateau of ventricular cardiomyocytes APs

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21
Q

T Wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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22
Q

TP Segment

A

period of rest and filling

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23
Q

Contractile Cell Contraction

A

myofilaments slide along each other –> shortened sarcomeres –> tension

24
Q

Atrial Contraction

A

sarcomeres of contractile cells shorten –> tension –> decrease in atrial size (volume) –> increase of BP in atria –> blood moves into ventricles

25
Q

Wiggers Diagram

A

Study!!

26
Q

Heart Rate Regulation

A

Autonomic Regulation
- Cardiac Center in Medullar
- Normal HR = 60-100 bpm
- Parasympathetic
- slows heart rate (inhibitory)
- via vagus nerve
- targets SA and AV node
-Sympathetic
-Speeds up HR (excitatory)
-Targets SA and AV nodes, muscles, coronary arteries

27
Q

Study HR Regulation Processes

A

:)

28
Q

2 ways to speed up HR

A
  1. Block parasympathetic branch
  2. Increase sympathetic input
29
Q

3 Influencing Factors for Stroke Volume

A
  1. Preload - degree of stretch (EDV)
  2. Contractility - contractile strength at a given length (ESV)
  3. Afterload - pressure overcome to eject blood (ESV)
30
Q

Frank Starling Mechanism

A

STUDY!!

31
Q

Pre-Load (main points abt it)

A

Degree of cardiac muscle sarcomere stretch
-Increased preload –> Increased SV
-Cardiac muscle sarcomeres normally at less-than-optimal length
- Stretching –> Optimal Sarcomere length–> Increased ability to generate force
BIGGEST FACTOR = VENOUS RETURN

32
Q

Contractility

A

Contractile strength for a given preload
If more Ca2+ enters cardiac muscle –> more crossbridge formation –> stronger contraction –> more blood ejected from heart

33
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure need to overcome in order to eject blood
hypertension –> reduces ability of ventricles to eject blood –> increase in ESV

34
Q

Factors that Affect Cardiac Output

A

Hypocalcemia, Hypercalcemia, Hypernatremia, Hyperkalemia

35
Q

Elastic Arteries (features and examples)

A

AKA Conducting
Thick-walled, near heart
Large lumen, lots of elastin
EX: Aorta, Carotid

36
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

AKA Distributing
Most named arteries
Lots of smooth muscle
EX: Brachial, femoral

37
Q

Resistance Arteries

A

Includes arterioles
Mostly smooth muscle
Major site of regulation

38
Q

Capillaries

A

One cell layer thick
Simple endothelium
Site of exchange between blood and ISF

39
Q

Capillary Beds (Perfusion and Vascular Shunt)

A

Perfusion: movement of blood into a capillary bed
-Arteriole –> capillary –> venule
Vascular Shunt:
- Bypass to skip capillary bed
-Metarteriole + thoroughfare channel

40
Q

How are Capillary Beds Regulated

A

Upstream Arterioles - blood never reaches capillary bed
Precapillary Sphincters: single smooth muscle cells + close off individual capillaries from metarteriole –> vascular shunt

41
Q

Capillary Exchange (what is dropped off and picked up)

A

Dropped Off: O2, glucose, nutrients, antibodies, hormones, etc.
Picked Up: CO2 and metabolic wastes, glucose & nutrients (adipose tissue, liver & digestive system) anitbodies, hormones

42
Q

4 Major Mechanisms of Movements

A

Diffusion
Transcytosis
Filtration
Reabsorption

43
Q

Major Routes of Capillary Exchange

A

Through endothelial cell layer
Through spaces between endothelial cells
Through filtration pores

44
Q

Capillary Exchange - Diffusion General Properties

A

Passive transport
Move from high concentration to low concentration
Move until equilibrium
Fast over short distances, slow over long ones
Can happen in open or closed systems

45
Q

Diffusion

A

Specific to capillaries
Through endothelial cell membrane, intercellular clefts, or filtration pores

46
Q

Transcytosis

A

Infrequent mode of transport
Move very large molecules
Enodcytosis + vesicular transport + exocytosis

47
Q

Filtration and Reabsorption

A

Physical pressure forces fluid through the membrane
Re-enters microcirculation on venous side due to pressure changes

48
Q

Postcapillary Venules

A

Convergence of capillaries
Still porous

49
Q

Muscular Venules

A

Add one or two layers of muscle
Up to 1 mm in diameter

50
Q

Medium Veins

A

Most named veins
Distal veins often have valves
1-10 mm in diameter

51
Q

Venous Sinuses

A

Thin walls, large lumens, no muscles
EX: dural sinuses in brain

52
Q

Large Veins

A

3 distinct layers, lots of muscle
Thinner walls and larger lumens than arteries
EX: Venage Cavae, Pulmonary Veins
>10 mm in diameter

53
Q

Simple Circulation Diagram

A

BE ABLE TO DRAW

54
Q

Blood Flow and Pressure

A

Be able to describe basics

55
Q

What happens when ventricular pressure > aortic pressure

A

Ejection of blood from ventricles to aorta
Aortic pressure increases then quickly decreases as blood moves out into systemic circulation

PSIO 202 (6 decks)

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