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PSIO 202 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Primary Function

A

filter waste from blood + return valuable resources to blood

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2
Q

Renal System Components

A

kidneys, nephrons, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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3
Q

Urine Flow

A

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, leaves body

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4
Q

Overview of Kidney Functions

A

Regulation of Blood Ionic Composition
Regulation of blood pH and osmolarity
Regulation of blood glucose and volume
Regulation of blood pressure
Release of erythropoietin and calcitriol
Excretion of wastes and foreign substances

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5
Q

4 Main Physio Functions for Kidneys

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Excretion
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6
Q

True or False: Kidneys perform their actions on blood cells

A

False, they perform it on blood plasma

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7
Q

True or False: No replacement occurs to injured kidneys or nephrons

A

True

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8
Q

What is increased kidney size associated with?

A

increased size of individual nephrons

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9
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

Site of plasma filtration
A. Glomerulus: a knot of capillaries where filtration occurs
B. Bowman’s Capsule: a double-walled epithelial cup that collects filtrate

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10
Q

Renal Tubule

A

Site of reabsorption from filtrate and secretion into filtrate
A. PCT
b. Loop of Henle
c. DCT
one or more DCTs drain into a collecting duct –> Papillary Duct –> Renal Pelvis –> Ureter

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11
Q

Blood Vessels Around the Nephron

A

Glomerular Capillaries form between the afferent and efferent arterioles
Efferent arterioles give rise to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

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12
Q

Glomerular Capillaries

A

Where filtration of blood occurs

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13
Q

Peritubular Capillaries and Vasa Recta

A

carry away substances reabsorbed from filtrate

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14
Q

Sympathetic Vasomotor Nerves

A

regulate blood flow and renal resistance by altering diameter of arterioles
vasoconstriction and vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles produces large changes in renal filtration

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15
Q

Microvilli are found on:

A

PCT Cells + Intercalated Cells of the CD

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16
Q

Which cells are the most common?

A

Cuboidal Cells

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17
Q

Squamous Cells are found in:

A

Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule, Loop of Henle Descending Limb, Loop of Henle Thin Ascending Limb

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18
Q

Hormone Receptors are found on:

A

DCT Cells + Principal Cells of the CD

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19
Q

Rate of Excretion Formula

A

Rate of Glomerular Function + Rate of Secretion - Rate of Reabsorption

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20
Q

Net Filtration Pressure: total pressure that promotes filtration

A

GBHP - CHP - BCOP

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21
Q

True/False: Homeostasis does not need a constant GFR

A

False
If it is too high, useful substances are lost due to the speed of fluid passage through the nephron
If it is too low, sufficient waste products may not be removed from the body

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22
Q

True/False: NFP depends most heavily on BCOP

A

False, it depends most heavily on GBHP

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23
Q

Macula Densa

A

thickened part of the ascending limb of loop of Henle

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24
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells

A

modified muscle cells that line afferent arteriole

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25
Messangial Cells
Contractile cells associated with the capillaries
26
Macula Densa + Juxtaglomerular Cells
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
27
2 Mechanisms of Autoregulation of GFR
1. Myogenic Mechanism 2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback
28
Myogenic Mechanism
Faster Systemic increases in BP stretch the afferent arteriole Smooth Muscle Contractions reduce the diameter of the afferent arteriole --> returns GFR to its previous level in seconds
29
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
Slower Elevated systemic BP raises the GFR so that fluid flows too rapidly through the renal tubule --> Na, Cl, and water are not reabsorbed Macula Densa in ascending limb detects increased Na and CL --> inhibits release of a vasodilator from juxtaglomerular apparatus Afferent arterioles constrict --> reduce GFR
30
Neural Regulation of GFR
Blood vessels of the kidney are supplied by sympathetic fibers that cause vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles SNS will override renal auto-regulation SNS will also stimulate renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells (see hormonal regulation)
31
NR of GFR @rest
renal blood vessels are maximally dilated (sympathetic activity is minimal)
32
NR of GFR w/ moderate sympathetic stimulation
both afferent and efferent arterioles constrict equally GFR decreases slightly
33
NR of GFR w/ extreme sympathetic stimulation
(exercise/hemorrage) vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles predominates GFR decreases substantially lowers urine output to maintain blood volume permits greater blood flow to other tissues
34
2 Hormones that Contribute to regulation of GFR
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Angioetensin II
35
ANP
increases GFR High blood volume causes atrial stretching which causes hormonal release from the heart ANP relaxes glomerular mesangial cells, increase glomerular capillary surface area and increasing GFR
36
Angiotensin
reduces GFR activated by ACE in the lungs following the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells potent vasoconstrictor that narrows both afferent and efferent arterioles reducing GFR
37
Tubular Reabsorption
transfers materials from tubular fluid back into the blood Nephrons must reabsorb 99 percent of the filtrate Most reabsorption occurs in the PCT Rest of the nephron does fine tuning of the filtrate
38
How does reabsorption occur?
solutes reabsorbed by active and passive processes water follows solutes by osmosis (if it can) small proteins move across into blood by pinocytosis
39
Tubular Secretion
transfers materials from blood into tubular fluid - helps control blood pH via secretion of H+ ions - eliminates certain substances
40
Paracellular Reabsorption
50% of reabsorbed material moves between cells by diffusion in some parts of the tubule
41
Transcellular Reabsorption
materials moves through both apical and basal membranes of tubule cell by active transport
42
Reabsorption in PCT
Na+ symporters help reabsorb materials from tubular filtrate -Glucose, amino acids, lactic acid, water-soluble vitamins Rely on low intracellular sodium ions intracellular sodium levels kept low by Na/K pumps on basolateral side By end of PCT, filtrate is still isotonic to blood
43
Secretion in the PCT
Na+ antiporters help secrete acid (H+) -Rely on low intracellular Na+ - Intracellular sodium levels kept low by Na+/K+ pumps on basolateral side
44
Renal Thresholds
Renal Symporters have limits on rate of transport (threshold is based on blood cxn of substance when it starts to be removed to urine) -If exceeds renal threshold, transport is limited -Exists for all substances reabsorbed by nephron cells (nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins)
45
Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle
STUDY!!!!
46
Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in Early DCT
STUDY!!!
47
Reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ in Late DCT and Collecting Duct
STUDY!!!!
48
Reabsorption of H2O in Late DCT and CD
STUDY!!!
49
Formation of Dilute Urine
Blood Plasma = 300 mOsm/L Filtrate osmolarity increases as it moves down descending loop of Henle Filtrate osmolarity decreases as it moves up ascending loop of Henle Filtrate osmolarity decreases in collecting duct --> dilute urine
50
Water Deprivation
Increased blood osmolarity Stimulate ADH release ADH causes more aquaporin channels in apical membranes of principal cells
51
2 Things that Countercurrent Mechanisms Involve
a. countercurrent flow of fluid through a tube b. an osmotic gradient in fluid surrounding the tube
52
Countercurrent Multiplication
process which produces a progressively increasing osmotic gradient in ISF of renal medulla
53
Countercurrent Exchange
process which enables oxygen delivery to cells of renal medulla without loss of the osmotic gradient in ISF of renal medulla
54
2 main factors that contribute to building and maintaining the required osmotic gradient
Permeability Differences (in different sections of loop of Henle and collecting duct) Countercurrent Flow ( tubular fluid through the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle)
55
Permeability Differences
Descending Limb of Loop of Henle: very permeable to water Thin and Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle: impermeable to water, but permeable to solutes Late DCT and CD: only permeable to water in the presence of ADH
56
Countercurrent Flow
descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle carry tubular fluid in opposite directions
57
ADH Effects on Osmotic Gradient
1. stimulates symporter activity in thick ascending limb of loop of henle (builds osmotic gradient) 2. ADH stimulates facultative reabsorption of water in upper collecting duct 3. ADH stimulates water reabsorption and urea recycling in lower collecting ducts (builds osmotic gradient)
58
Go through steps of Countercurrent Multiplication
4 Steps
59
Go through concurrent exchange!1
g
60
Countercurrent Multiplication vs. Exchange
-Vasa recta provides oxygen and nutrients to renal medulla without washing out the osmotic gradient -Loop of Henle establishes osmotic gradient in renal medulla (via concurrent multiplication) - Vasa recta maintains the gradient to the best extent possible as it delivers nutrient to nephron cells (via concurrent exchange)
61
What do ADH actions lead to?
the formation of concentrated urine
62
Principal Cells
reabsorb Na+. secrete K+ and reabsorb H2O
63
Intercalcated Cells
Reabsorb K+ and HCO3 and secrete H+
64
Effects of Aldosterone on Principal Cells
increases Na+ and water reabsorption and K+ secretion by stimulating the synthesis of new pumps and channels in principal cells
65
Effect of ADH on principal cells
Increases water permeability of principal cells in collecting duct, by triggering insertion of aquaporin channels into apical membrane Water molecules will move more rapidly from tubular fluid into ISF --> blood
66
Actions of Intercalated Cells
help regulate pH of body fluids by secretion of H+ (via proton pumps) and absorption of HCO3 (via Cl-/HCO3 antiporters)
67
Urine Storage
Sympathetic Detrusor Muscle: relaxation Trigone Muscle: contraction
68
Micturition
Parasympathetic Detrusor Muscle: Contraction Trigone Muscle: relaxation
69
Highlight the Micturition Reflex
!!
70
How many ureteral and urethral openings in the trigone?
2 ureteral 1 urethral
71
Diuretics
Substances that slow renal reabsorption of water and cause diuresis (increased urine flow rate)
72
Caffeine
Inhibits Na+ reabsorption
73
Alcohol
Inhibits secretion of ADH
74
Intercalated Cell Actions when Blood pH is high and low
!!!

PSIO 202 (6 decks)

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