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PSIO 202 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Primary Function

A

filter waste from blood + return valuable resources to blood

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2
Q

Renal System Components

A

kidneys, nephrons, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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3
Q

Urine Flow

A

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, leaves body

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4
Q

Overview of Kidney Functions

A

Regulation of Blood Ionic Composition
Regulation of blood pH and osmolarity
Regulation of blood glucose and volume
Regulation of blood pressure
Release of erythropoietin and calcitriol
Excretion of wastes and foreign substances

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5
Q

4 Main Physio Functions for Kidneys

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Excretion
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6
Q

True or False: Kidneys perform their actions on blood cells

A

False, they perform it on blood plasma

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7
Q

True or False: No replacement occurs to injured kidneys or nephrons

A

True

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8
Q

What is increased kidney size associated with?

A

increased size of individual nephrons

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9
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

Site of plasma filtration
A. Glomerulus: a knot of capillaries where filtration occurs
B. Bowman’s Capsule: a double-walled epithelial cup that collects filtrate

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10
Q

Renal Tubule

A

Site of reabsorption from filtrate and secretion into filtrate
A. PCT
b. Loop of Henle
c. DCT
one or more DCTs drain into a collecting duct –> Papillary Duct –> Renal Pelvis –> Ureter

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11
Q

Blood Vessels Around the Nephron

A

Glomerular Capillaries form between the afferent and efferent arterioles
Efferent arterioles give rise to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

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12
Q

Glomerular Capillaries

A

Where filtration of blood occurs

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13
Q

Peritubular Capillaries and Vasa Recta

A

carry away substances reabsorbed from filtrate

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14
Q

Sympathetic Vasomotor Nerves

A

regulate blood flow and renal resistance by altering diameter of arterioles
vasoconstriction and vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles produces large changes in renal filtration

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15
Q

Microvilli are found on:

A

PCT Cells + Intercalated Cells of the CD

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16
Q

Which cells are the most common?

A

Cuboidal Cells

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17
Q

Squamous Cells are found in:

A

Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule, Loop of Henle Descending Limb, Loop of Henle Thin Ascending Limb

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18
Q

Hormone Receptors are found on:

A

DCT Cells + Principal Cells of the CD

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19
Q

Rate of Excretion Formula

A

Rate of Glomerular Function + Rate of Secretion - Rate of Reabsorption

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20
Q

Net Filtration Pressure: total pressure that promotes filtration

A

GBHP - CHP - BCOP

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21
Q

True/False: Homeostasis does not need a constant GFR

A

False
If it is too high, useful substances are lost due to the speed of fluid passage through the nephron
If it is too low, sufficient waste products may not be removed from the body

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22
Q

True/False: NFP depends most heavily on BCOP

A

False, it depends most heavily on GBHP

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23
Q

Macula Densa

A

thickened part of the ascending limb of loop of Henle

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24
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells

A

modified muscle cells that line afferent arteriole

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25
Q

Messangial Cells

A

Contractile cells associated with the capillaries

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26
Q

Macula Densa + Juxtaglomerular Cells

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

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27
Q

2 Mechanisms of Autoregulation of GFR

A
  1. Myogenic Mechanism
  2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback
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28
Q

Myogenic Mechanism

A

Faster
Systemic increases in BP stretch the afferent arteriole
Smooth Muscle Contractions reduce the diameter of the afferent arteriole
–> returns GFR to its previous level in seconds

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29
Q

Tubuloglomerular Feedback

A

Slower
Elevated systemic BP raises the GFR so that fluid flows too rapidly through the renal tubule
–> Na, Cl, and water are not reabsorbed
Macula Densa in ascending limb detects increased Na and CL
–> inhibits release of a vasodilator from juxtaglomerular apparatus
Afferent arterioles constrict –> reduce GFR

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30
Q

Neural Regulation of GFR

A

Blood vessels of the kidney are supplied by sympathetic fibers that cause vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
SNS will override renal auto-regulation
SNS will also stimulate renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells (see hormonal regulation)

31
Q

NR of GFR @rest

A

renal blood vessels are maximally dilated (sympathetic activity is minimal)

32
Q

NR of GFR w/ moderate sympathetic stimulation

A

both afferent and efferent arterioles constrict equally
GFR decreases slightly

33
Q

NR of GFR w/ extreme sympathetic stimulation

A

(exercise/hemorrage) vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles predominates
GFR decreases substantially
lowers urine output to maintain blood volume
permits greater blood flow to other tissues

34
Q

2 Hormones that Contribute to regulation of GFR

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Angioetensin II

35
Q

ANP

A

increases GFR
High blood volume causes atrial stretching which causes hormonal release from the heart
ANP relaxes glomerular mesangial cells, increase glomerular capillary surface area and increasing GFR

36
Q

Angiotensin

A

reduces GFR
activated by ACE in the lungs following the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells
potent vasoconstrictor that narrows both afferent and efferent arterioles reducing GFR

37
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

transfers materials from tubular fluid back into the blood
Nephrons must reabsorb 99 percent of the filtrate
Most reabsorption occurs in the PCT
Rest of the nephron does fine tuning of the filtrate

38
Q

How does reabsorption occur?

A

solutes reabsorbed by active and passive processes
water follows solutes by osmosis (if it can)
small proteins move across into blood by pinocytosis

39
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

transfers materials from blood into tubular fluid
- helps control blood pH via secretion of H+ ions
- eliminates certain substances

40
Q

Paracellular Reabsorption

A

50% of reabsorbed material moves between cells by diffusion in some parts of the tubule

41
Q

Transcellular Reabsorption

A

materials moves through both apical and basal membranes of tubule cell by active transport

42
Q

Reabsorption in PCT

A

Na+ symporters help reabsorb materials from tubular filtrate
-Glucose, amino acids, lactic acid, water-soluble vitamins
Rely on low intracellular sodium ions
intracellular sodium levels kept low by Na/K pumps on basolateral side
By end of PCT, filtrate is still isotonic to blood

43
Q

Secretion in the PCT

A

Na+ antiporters help secrete acid (H+)
-Rely on low intracellular Na+
- Intracellular sodium levels kept low by Na+/K+ pumps on basolateral side

44
Q

Renal Thresholds

A

Renal Symporters have limits on rate of transport (threshold is based on blood cxn of substance when it starts to be removed to urine)
-If exceeds renal threshold, transport is limited
-Exists for all substances reabsorbed by nephron cells (nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins)

45
Q

Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle

A

STUDY!!!!

46
Q

Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in Early DCT

A

STUDY!!!

47
Q

Reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ in Late DCT and Collecting Duct

A

STUDY!!!!

48
Q

Reabsorption of H2O in Late DCT and CD

A

STUDY!!!

49
Q

Formation of Dilute Urine

A

Blood Plasma = 300 mOsm/L
Filtrate osmolarity increases as it moves down descending loop of Henle
Filtrate osmolarity decreases as it moves up ascending loop of Henle
Filtrate osmolarity decreases in collecting duct –> dilute urine

50
Q

Water Deprivation

A

Increased blood osmolarity
Stimulate ADH release
ADH causes more aquaporin channels in apical membranes of principal cells

51
Q

2 Things that Countercurrent Mechanisms Involve

A

a. countercurrent flow of fluid through a tube
b. an osmotic gradient in fluid surrounding the tube

52
Q

Countercurrent Multiplication

A

process which produces a progressively increasing osmotic gradient in ISF of renal medulla

53
Q

Countercurrent Exchange

A

process which enables oxygen delivery to cells of renal medulla without loss of the osmotic gradient in ISF of renal medulla

54
Q

2 main factors that contribute to building and maintaining the required osmotic gradient

A

Permeability Differences (in different sections of loop of Henle and collecting duct)
Countercurrent Flow ( tubular fluid through the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle)

55
Q

Permeability Differences

A

Descending Limb of Loop of Henle: very permeable to water
Thin and Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle: impermeable to water, but permeable to solutes
Late DCT and CD: only permeable to water in the presence of ADH

56
Q

Countercurrent Flow

A

descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle carry tubular fluid in opposite directions

57
Q

ADH Effects on Osmotic Gradient

A
  1. stimulates symporter activity in thick ascending limb of loop of henle (builds osmotic gradient)
  2. ADH stimulates facultative reabsorption of water in upper collecting duct
  3. ADH stimulates water reabsorption and urea recycling in lower collecting ducts (builds osmotic gradient)
58
Q

Go through steps of Countercurrent Multiplication

A

4 Steps

59
Q

Go through concurrent exchange!1

A

g

60
Q

Countercurrent Multiplication vs. Exchange

A

-Vasa recta provides oxygen and nutrients to renal medulla without washing out the osmotic gradient
-Loop of Henle establishes osmotic gradient in renal medulla (via concurrent multiplication)
- Vasa recta maintains the gradient to the best extent possible as it delivers nutrient to nephron cells (via concurrent exchange)

61
Q

What do ADH actions lead to?

A

the formation of concentrated urine

62
Q

Principal Cells

A

reabsorb Na+. secrete K+ and reabsorb H2O

63
Q

Intercalcated Cells

A

Reabsorb K+ and HCO3 and secrete H+

64
Q

Effects of Aldosterone on Principal Cells

A

increases Na+ and water reabsorption and K+ secretion by stimulating the synthesis of new pumps and channels in principal cells

65
Q

Effect of ADH on principal cells

A

Increases water permeability of principal cells in collecting duct, by triggering insertion of aquaporin channels into apical membrane
Water molecules will move more rapidly from tubular fluid into ISF –> blood

66
Q

Actions of Intercalated Cells

A

help regulate pH of body fluids by secretion of H+ (via proton pumps) and absorption of HCO3 (via Cl-/HCO3 antiporters)

67
Q

Urine Storage

A

Sympathetic
Detrusor Muscle: relaxation
Trigone Muscle: contraction

68
Q

Micturition

A

Parasympathetic
Detrusor Muscle: Contraction
Trigone Muscle: relaxation

69
Q

Highlight the Micturition Reflex

A

!!

70
Q

How many ureteral and urethral openings in the trigone?

A

2 ureteral
1 urethral

71
Q

Diuretics

A

Substances that slow renal reabsorption of water and cause diuresis (increased urine flow rate)

72
Q

Caffeine

A

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption

73
Q

Alcohol

A

Inhibits secretion of ADH

74
Q

Intercalated Cell Actions when Blood pH is high and low

A

!!!

PSIO 202 (6 decks)

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