[PRACTICAL]

Question 1

Confrontation test helps diagnose

Answer 1

generalized field of contraction
scotomas
neurological defects due to lesions

Question 2

Perimetry test helps diagnose

Answer 2

generalized field of contraction
scotomas
neurological defects due to lesions

Question 3

dimensions of visual field

Answer 3

60 upwards
60 nasally
100 temporally
75 downwards

Question 4

physiological blind spot is located___to fovea centralis

Answer 4

3mm nasal

Question 5

physiological blind spot

Answer 5

site of exit of optic nerve & entry of BV
insensitive to light (no photoreceptors)
1.5mm diameter
15 degrees temporal to centre of field vision

Question 6

importance of pupillary light reflex (4)

Answer 6

diagnosis of lesions
protective
regulates amount of light
distinguishes stages of anesthesia
diagnosis of death

Question 7

light reflex in lesion before pretectal nucleus is

Answer 7

impaired

Question 8

light reflex in lesion after pretectal nucleus is

Answer 8

intact

Question 9

receptors of light reflex

Answer 9

rods & cons

Question 10

center of light reflex

Answer 10

pretectal nucleus

Question 11

afferent of light reflex

Answer 11

optic n–>optic chiasma–>optic tract till anterior 2/3

Question 12

efferent of light reflex

Answer 12

oculomotor

Question 13

effector organ of light reflex

Answer 13

constrictor pupillae of both eyes

Question 14

response in light reflex

Answer 14

direct & indirect miosis of both eyes

Question 15

accommodation reflex stimulus

Answer 15

blurry image

Question 16

accommodation reflex afferent

Answer 16

optic n–>optic chiasma–>optic tract–>LGB–>optic radiation–>area 17–>area 18,19–>area 8

Question 17

accommodation reflex center

Answer 17

superior colliculus

Question 18

accommodation reflex efferent

Answer 18

oculomotor

Question 19

accommodation reflex effector organs

Answer 19

constrictor pupillae
ciliary muscle
medial recti

Question 20

accommodation reflex components

Answer 20

bilateral convergence
bilateral miosis
bilateral accommodation

Question 21

fundus of diabetic patient shows

Answer 21

microaneurysms
intraretinal Hgs
Vitreous Hgs
Neovascularization

Question 22

fundus examination helps diagnose

Answer 22

errors of refraction
systemic diseases (diabetes, HTN)
ocular diseases (optic atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, papilledema)

Question 23

observations in fundus exam

Answer 23

retinal proper
macula
optic disc
retinal BV

Question 24

what color does the retina appear to be in fundus exam? why?

Answer 24

pale pink
choroidal vessels

Question 25

retinal artery compared to retinal vein is

Answer 25

narrower
lighter in color
not pulsating

Question 26

which conduction is better in case of conductive hearing loss

Answer 26

bone

Question 27

Rinne +ve sign

Answer 27

air conduction is heard better than bone conduction (normal)

Question 28

Rinne -ve sign

Answer 28

bone>air conduction
(conductive HL)

Question 29

Reduced Rinne +ve sign

Answer 29

air>bone conduction
but reduced in form
(sensorineural HL)

Question 30

in conductive hearing loss, bone conduction is heard better in

Answer 30

diseased ear

Question 31

in sensorineural hearing loss, bone conduction is heard better in

Answer 31

healthy ear

Question 32

macula is located____to the optic disk

Answer 32

3mm temporal

Question 33

factors affecting visual acuity

Answer 33

contrast & illumination
errors of refraction
eye diseases (keratitis, glaucoma, cataract)