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SPECIAL SENSE > [PATHO] FINAL REVISION > Flashcards

[PATHO] FINAL REVISION Flashcards

1
Q

Premature babies
O2 therapy
vascularized retina
vaso-obliteration
retinal detachment

A

retrolental fibroplasia

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2
Q

Rhodopsin gene mutation
No Rodes & Cones
night blindness & eventually total blindness
2ry proliferation of pigment epithelium
ingrowth of glial membrane on optic disc

A

retinitis pigmentosa

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3
Q

acute suppurative inflammation of eyelash follicles

A

stye

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4
Q

acute suppurative inflammation affecting Meibomian glands

A

internal stye

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5
Q

acute suppurative inflammation
affecting Zeis glands, apocrine glands of Moll, Eyelash follicles

A

external stye

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6
Q

chronic inflammatory lipogranuloma

A

chalazion

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7
Q

chronic inflammatory
destroys Meibomian glands, ducts, tarsal plate
obstructed drainage
granumola & fat globules in tarsal plate

A

chalazion

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8
Q

acute suppurative intra-ocular inflammation
endogenous/exogenous origin

A

endophthalmitis

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9
Q

corneal edema, cellular infiltration
decreased corneal transparency

A

acute conjunctivitis & keratoconjunctivitis

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10
Q

small BV proliferation
pannus formation (lymphocytes+ plasma cells)

A

chronic conjunctivitis & keratoconjunctivitis

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11
Q

developing countries
intracytoplasmic inclusions
chronic inflammatory infiltration
deformed eyelids
conjunctival thickening & inflammation
corneal & conjunctival scarring
blindness

A

Trachomatis

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12
Q

chronic granulomatous inflammation caused by bacteria/fungi/viruses/sarcoidosis

A

granulomatous uveitis

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13
Q

BILATERAL diffuse granulomatous inflammation due to penetrating injury of ONE eye
auto sensitivity to injured uveal tissue
epithelioid & lymphocytes infiltration
NO necrosis
NO neutrophils
NO plasma cells

A

sympathetic uveitis

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14
Q

if lens is injured in sympathetic uveitis

A

phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis

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15
Q

cotton wool spots
dot & blot hemorrhages
Scotomas
Basement membrane thickening
pericytes degeneration
loss of endothelial cells
capillary microaneurysms
waxy exudates

A

diabetic retinopathy

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16
Q

severe ischemia & hypoxia in proliferative retinopathy can lead to

A

angiogenic factor secretion

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17
Q

optic disc neurovascularization
BV friability
Vitreous hemorrhages
astrocytes proliferation
fibrous tissue proliferation
fibrovascular & gliotic tissue contraction–>RETINAL DETACHMENT

A

proliferative retinopathy

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18
Q

higher risk in Type I DM & women

A

diabetic retinopathy

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19
Q

severe diabetes can cause

A

peripheral anterior synechiae
anterior synechiae
cataract

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20
Q

peripheral anterior synechiae

A

adhesions b/w iris & cornea

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21
Q

posterior synechiae

A

adhesions b/w iris & lens

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22
Q

Arteriosclerosis
grades I–>IV
cotton wool spots
flame shaped hemorrhages
macular star
spasms (acute)
onion skin thickening (chronic)
hard exudate
microaneurysms
arteriovenous nicking

A

Hypertensive retinopathy

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23
Q

malignant HTN causes

A

fibrinoid necrosis
necrotizing arteriolitis

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24
Q

central artery occlusion leads to

A

ischemia of inner 2/3 of retina

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25
Q

central retinal vein occlusion leads to

A

hemorrhagic infarcts ALL OVER retina

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26
Q

posterior ciliary artery occlusion leads to

A

ischemia of R&C layer only

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27
Q

cotton wool spots are seen in

A

diabetic & hypertensive retinopathy

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28
Q

raised yellowish lesions
affects bulbar conjunctiva
basophilic degeneration of collagen
acanthosis
hyperkeratosis
dyskeratosis

A

pinguecula

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29
Q

involves tarsal plate

A

chalazion

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30
Q

basophilic collagen degeneration in limbus & cornea

A

pterygium

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31
Q

BILATERAL central visual loss

A

senile macular degeneration

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32
Q

irregular thickening of Bruch’s membrane
R&C atrophy
pigment epithelium degeneration
capillary ingrowth into choroid
exudation & Hg
healing by fibrosis

A

senile macular degeneration

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33
Q

vision loss in senile macular degeneration is caused by

A

healing by fibrosis

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34
Q

Traction on retina due to vitreous disease
collection of vitreous under retina
collection of serous fluid under sub-retinal space

A

retinal detachment

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35
Q

R&C separated from pigment epithelium

A

retinal detachment

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36
Q

end-stage condition
degeneration& disorganization
decreased IOP
eye shrinks
MARKED ATROPHY
scleral thickening
osseous metaplasia

A

phthisis bulbis

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37
Q

opacification
painless vision blurring
corticosteroids
degeneration, fragmentation & liquefaction of lens fibers

A

cataract

38
Q

causes of cataract

A

senile
congenital
metabolic
traumatic
corticosteroids
smoking alcohol

39
Q

increased IOP
blindness
no vascular proliferation
ischemic atrophy
obstruction
closed iridocorneal angle

A

glaucoma

40
Q

trabecular meshwork development failure

A

congenital glaucoma

41
Q

PAINFUL
acute
edema
congestion
narrow angle

A

closed 1ry glaucoma

42
Q

adhesions b/w iris & cornea

A

closed 2ry glaucoma

43
Q

senile
trabecular meshwork degeneration
resistance to outflow

A

open 1ry glaucoma

44
Q

mechanical obstruction of the iridocorneal angle

A

open-angle 2ry glaucoma

45
Q

increased ICP
due to subarachnoid continuation around optic nerve
acute edema
congestion
hemorrhage

A

papilloedema

46
Q

degeneration of nerve fibers
gliosis
optic atrophy

A

chronic papilloedema

47
Q

immune mediated
lacrimal & salivary gland destruction
keratoconjunctivitis sicca
xerostomia
rhematoid arthritis

A

Sjogren’s syndrome

48
Q

triad of Sjogren’s syndrome

A

keratoconjunctivitis
xerostomia
Rheumatoid arthritis

49
Q

upper eyelid tumor of Zeis glands, Meibomian gland, eyelash follicles

A

Sebaceous carcinoma

50
Q

metastasis to regional LNs & distant sites

A

Sebaceous carcinoma

51
Q

metastasis to liver

A

Uveal malignant tumor

52
Q

most common carcinoma of upper eyelid

A

Sebaceous carcinoma

53
Q

most common carcinoma of lower eyelid

A

Basal cell carcinoma

54
Q

localized/ diffuse tarsus swelling
ulcerated/papillomatous tumor at lid margin

A

Sebaceous carcinoma
microscopic picture

55
Q

1.well differentiated lobules w/ sebaceous differentiation
OR
2. poorly differentiated confirm by Fat stains

A

Sebaceous carcinoma
microscopic picture

56
Q

tumor arising from neural crest-derived pigment epithelium

A

Uveal malignant melanoma

57
Q

MC intraocular tumor in white adults

A

Uveal malignant melanoma

58
Q

MC intraocular tumor in children

A

Retinoblastoma

59
Q

pigmented choroidal mass in posterior choroid
covered by retina
protrudes into vitreous

A

Uveal malignant melanoma

60
Q

uniform spindle cells
spindle nuclei
indistinct nucleoli
85% 10-year survival

A

Spindle A melanoma
microscopic picture

61
Q

plump spindle cells
mitotic figures
visible nucleoli
80% 10-year survival

A

Spindle B melanoma
microscopic picture

62
Q

large irregular pleomorphic cells
large nucleu
acidophilic cytoplasm
most malignant
35% 10-year survival

A

Epithelioid melanoma
microscopic picture

63
Q

features of spindle cells & epithelioid cells
more common form
45% 10-year survival

A

Mixed melanoma
microscopic picture

64
Q

due to mutation in Retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (chromosome 13)
lead to 2ry osteogenic sarcoma
LEUKOCORIA

A

Retinoblastoma

65
Q

White, solid retinal mass
partly necrotic
endophytic/exophytic

A

Retinoblastoma

66
Q

shows Flexner-Wintersteiner &
Homer Wright rosettes

A

Retinoblastoma

67
Q

leukocoria seen in

A

Retinoblastoma

68
Q

small undifferentiated retinal cells
hypercrhomatic nuclei
tendency to form photoreceptor elements
necrosis
calcification
dissemination in all directions
hematogenous spread
Rosettes

A

Retinoblastoma
microscopic picture

69
Q

OM causative agents

A

GBS
H. influenza
Strept. Pneumoniae

70
Q

suppurative hyperaemic tympanic membrane
pain
tenderness
can lead to mastoiditis

A

acute OM

71
Q

perforated eardrum
leaking ear
hearing impaired

A

chronic OM

72
Q

increased fluid in OM can cause

A

eustachian tube obstruction

73
Q

cartilage degeneration
due to repeated trauma

A

cauliflower ear

74
Q

cartilage destruction
hondromalacia & fibrous replacement

A

cauliflower ear
microscopic picture

75
Q

AD conductive deafness cause
dystrophic
labyrinth disease
temporal bone
young males

A

otosclerosis

76
Q

fibrous replacement & replacement by sclerotic bone of footplate of stapes

A

otosclerosis

77
Q

chronic inflammatory granulation tissue
complication of OM
covered by pseudostratified columnar/ metaplastic squamous epithelium

A

aural polyp
microscopic picture

78
Q

tumors of apocrine sweat glands
invade temporal bone

A

cerumen-gland tumors

79
Q

embryonal rests of squamous epi of temporal bone
middle ear/mastoid sinuses
squamous exofliation
keratin formation

A

cholesteatoma

80
Q

cyst w/ cholesterol crystals,
keratin,
histiocytes,
pressure erosion of bone

A

cholesteatoma
microscopic picture

81
Q

histiocytes seen in

A

cholesteatoma

82
Q

epithelioid cells & lymphocytes seen in

A

sympathetic uveitis

83
Q

lymphocytes & plasma cells seen in

A

conjunctivitis & keratoconjunctivitis

84
Q

tumor arisign from parasympathetic ganglion & glomus jugulare bodies

A

jugular paraganglioma

85
Q

MC benign tumor of middle ear

A

jugular paraganglioma

86
Q

neurosecretory granules arranged in organoid pattern/nests

A

jugular paraganglioma
microscopic picture

87
Q

tumor which spreads to skull & brain but rarely metastasizes

A

jugular paraganglioma

88
Q

tumor of Schwann cells of VIII

A

acoustic schwannoma

89
Q

benign tumor located in internal auditory canal & cerebellopontine angle

A

acoustic schwannoma

90
Q

causes neighboring tissue + brainstem compression
deafness
tinnitus
Hydrocephalus
V & VII paralysis

A

acoustic schwannoma

SPECIAL SENSE (12 decks)

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