[PATHO] FINAL REVISION Flashcards by Aseel Maher

Premature babies
O2 therapy
vascularized retina
vaso-obliteration
retinal detachment

retrolental fibroplasia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rhodopsin gene mutation
No Rodes & Cones
night blindness & eventually total blindness
2ry proliferation of pigment epithelium
ingrowth of glial membrane on optic disc

retinitis pigmentosa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

acute suppurative inflammation of eyelash follicles

stye

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

acute suppurative inflammation affecting Meibomian glands

internal stye

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

acute suppurative inflammation
affecting Zeis glands, apocrine glands of Moll, Eyelash follicles

external stye

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chronic inflammatory lipogranuloma

chalazion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chronic inflammatory
destroys Meibomian glands, ducts, tarsal plate
obstructed drainage
granumola & fat globules in tarsal plate

chalazion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

acute suppurative intra-ocular inflammation
endogenous/exogenous origin

endophthalmitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

corneal edema, cellular infiltration
decreased corneal transparency

acute conjunctivitis & keratoconjunctivitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

small BV proliferation
pannus formation (lymphocytes+ plasma cells)

chronic conjunctivitis & keratoconjunctivitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

developing countries
intracytoplasmic inclusions
chronic inflammatory infiltration
deformed eyelids
conjunctival thickening & inflammation
corneal & conjunctival scarring
blindness

Trachomatis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chronic granulomatous inflammation caused by bacteria/fungi/viruses/sarcoidosis

granulomatous uveitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BILATERAL diffuse granulomatous inflammation due to penetrating injury of ONE eye
auto sensitivity to injured uveal tissue
epithelioid & lymphocytes infiltration
NO necrosis
NO neutrophils
NO plasma cells

sympathetic uveitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if lens is injured in sympathetic uveitis

phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cotton wool spots
dot & blot hemorrhages
Scotomas
Basement membrane thickening
pericytes degeneration
loss of endothelial cells
capillary microaneurysms
waxy exudates

diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

severe ischemia & hypoxia in proliferative retinopathy can lead to

angiogenic factor secretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

optic disc neurovascularization
BV friability
Vitreous hemorrhages
astrocytes proliferation
fibrous tissue proliferation
fibrovascular & gliotic tissue contraction–>RETINAL DETACHMENT

proliferative retinopathy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

higher risk in Type I DM & women

diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

severe diabetes can cause

peripheral anterior synechiae
anterior synechiae
cataract

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

peripheral anterior synechiae

adhesions b/w iris & cornea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

posterior synechiae

adhesions b/w iris & lens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Arteriosclerosis
grades I–>IV
cotton wool spots
flame shaped hemorrhages
macular star
spasms (acute)
onion skin thickening (chronic)
hard exudate
microaneurysms
arteriovenous nicking

Hypertensive retinopathy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

malignant HTN causes

fibrinoid necrosis
necrotizing arteriolitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

central artery occlusion leads to

ischemia of inner 2/3 of retina

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

central retinal vein occlusion leads to

hemorrhagic infarcts ALL OVER retina

posterior ciliary artery occlusion leads to

ischemia of R&C layer only

cotton wool spots are seen in

diabetic & hypertensive retinopathy

raised yellowish lesions affects bulbar conjunctiva basophilic degeneration of collagen acanthosis hyperkeratosis dyskeratosis

pinguecula

involves tarsal plate

chalazion

basophilic collagen degeneration in limbus & cornea

pterygium

BILATERAL central visual loss

senile macular degeneration

irregular thickening of Bruch's membrane R&C atrophy pigment epithelium degeneration capillary ingrowth into choroid exudation & Hg healing by fibrosis

senile macular degeneration

vision loss in senile macular degeneration is caused by

healing by fibrosis

Traction on retina due to vitreous disease collection of vitreous under retina collection of serous fluid under sub-retinal space

retinal detachment

R&C separated from pigment epithelium

retinal detachment

end-stage condition degeneration& disorganization decreased IOP eye shrinks MARKED ATROPHY scleral thickening osseous metaplasia

phthisis bulbis

opacification painless vision blurring corticosteroids degeneration, fragmentation & liquefaction of lens fibers

cataract

causes of cataract

senile congenital metabolic traumatic corticosteroids smoking alcohol

increased IOP blindness no vascular proliferation ischemic atrophy obstruction closed iridocorneal angle

glaucoma

trabecular meshwork development failure

congenital glaucoma

PAINFUL acute edema congestion narrow angle

closed 1ry glaucoma

adhesions b/w iris & cornea

closed 2ry glaucoma

senile trabecular meshwork degeneration resistance to outflow

open 1ry glaucoma

mechanical obstruction of the iridocorneal angle

open-angle 2ry glaucoma

increased ICP due to subarachnoid continuation around optic nerve acute edema congestion hemorrhage

papilloedema

degeneration of nerve fibers gliosis optic atrophy

chronic papilloedema

immune mediated lacrimal & salivary gland destruction keratoconjunctivitis sicca xerostomia rhematoid arthritis

Sjogren's syndrome

triad of Sjogren's syndrome

keratoconjunctivitis xerostomia Rheumatoid arthritis

upper eyelid tumor of Zeis glands, Meibomian gland, eyelash follicles

Sebaceous carcinoma

metastasis to regional LNs & distant sites

Sebaceous carcinoma

metastasis to liver

Uveal malignant tumor

most common carcinoma of upper eyelid

Sebaceous carcinoma

most common carcinoma of lower eyelid

Basal cell carcinoma

localized/ diffuse tarsus swelling ulcerated/papillomatous tumor at lid margin

Sebaceous carcinoma microscopic picture

1.well differentiated lobules w/ sebaceous differentiation OR 2. poorly differentiated confirm by Fat stains

Sebaceous carcinoma microscopic picture

tumor arising from neural crest-derived pigment epithelium

Uveal malignant melanoma

MC intraocular tumor in white adults

Uveal malignant melanoma

MC intraocular tumor in children

Retinoblastoma

pigmented choroidal mass in posterior choroid covered by retina protrudes into vitreous

Uveal malignant melanoma

uniform spindle cells spindle nuclei indistinct nucleoli 85% 10-year survival

Spindle A melanoma microscopic picture

plump spindle cells mitotic figures visible nucleoli 80% 10-year survival

Spindle B melanoma microscopic picture

large irregular pleomorphic cells large nucleu acidophilic cytoplasm most malignant 35% 10-year survival

Epithelioid melanoma microscopic picture

features of spindle cells & epithelioid cells more common form 45% 10-year survival

Mixed melanoma microscopic picture

due to mutation in Retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (chromosome 13) lead to 2ry osteogenic sarcoma LEUKOCORIA

Retinoblastoma

White, solid retinal mass partly necrotic endophytic/exophytic

Retinoblastoma

shows Flexner-Wintersteiner & Homer Wright rosettes

Retinoblastoma

leukocoria seen in

Retinoblastoma

small undifferentiated retinal cells hypercrhomatic nuclei tendency to form photoreceptor elements necrosis calcification dissemination in all directions hematogenous spread Rosettes

Retinoblastoma microscopic picture

OM causative agents

GBS H. influenza Strept. Pneumoniae

suppurative hyperaemic tympanic membrane pain tenderness can lead to mastoiditis

acute OM

perforated eardrum leaking ear hearing impaired

chronic OM

increased fluid in OM can cause

eustachian tube obstruction

cartilage degeneration due to repeated trauma

cauliflower ear

cartilage destruction hondromalacia & fibrous replacement

cauliflower ear microscopic picture

AD conductive deafness cause dystrophic labyrinth disease temporal bone young males

otosclerosis

fibrous replacement & replacement by sclerotic bone of footplate of stapes

otosclerosis

chronic inflammatory granulation tissue complication of OM covered by pseudostratified columnar/ metaplastic squamous epithelium

aural polyp microscopic picture

tumors of apocrine sweat glands invade temporal bone

cerumen-gland tumors

embryonal rests of squamous epi of temporal bone middle ear/mastoid sinuses squamous exofliation keratin formation

cholesteatoma

cyst w/ cholesterol crystals, keratin, histiocytes, pressure erosion of bone

cholesteatoma microscopic picture

histiocytes seen in

cholesteatoma

epithelioid cells & lymphocytes seen in

sympathetic uveitis

lymphocytes & plasma cells seen in

conjunctivitis & keratoconjunctivitis

tumor arisign from parasympathetic ganglion & glomus jugulare bodies

jugular paraganglioma

MC benign tumor of middle ear

jugular paraganglioma

neurosecretory granules arranged in organoid pattern/nests

jugular paraganglioma microscopic picture

tumor which spreads to skull & brain but rarely metastasizes

jugular paraganglioma

tumor of Schwann cells of VIII

acoustic schwannoma

benign tumor located in internal auditory canal & cerebellopontine angle

acoustic schwannoma

causes neighboring tissue + brainstem compression deafness tinnitus Hydrocephalus V & VII paralysis

acoustic schwannoma