Prac Results+ Drug Development

Question 1

What do we call results that are the same/similar to other results of an experiment?

Answer 1

the results are reproducible

Question 2

What did Chinese+ Egyptian healers tell people to do in order to relieve pain and what did it contain? (2 points)

Answer 2

• Chew the bark of a willow tree to relieve pain
• contains the chemical ASPIRIN

Question 3

What drug do foxgloves contain and what does it treat?

Answer 3

• contains digitalis
• treats heart arrhythmia

Question 4

What do poppies contain and what are they used for?

Answer 4

• contain opium
• used to make morphine and codeine (which are painkillers)

Question 5

What are two reasons why animal testing is an advantage?

Answer 5

• provides information on the toxicity of the drug+ how safe the drug is in a WHOLE ORGANISM
• provides information on what DOSES might be effective

Question 6

Describe how to identify the optimum dose in STAGE 3 PHASE 2 of testing drugs

Answer 6

• optimum dose= the MOST effective dose with the LEAST effective side effects

Question 7

Give two reasons why STAGE 3 of the clinical trials are vital

Answer 7

• provide even more information on side effects
• check if it works on people of different age, gender, ethnicity, weight etc

Question 8

Summarise the development of new drugs (5 points)

Answer 8

1- chemicals that may interact with the target are identified in a lab by computer models

2- toxicity had to be ruled out by lab tests on tissues+ cells

3- further safety tested on ANIMALS

4- SMALL SCALE human tests carried out to establish safety+ what dose to use

5- LARGER SCALE TRIALS are then done on patients to see if it works (efficacy) + track side effects

Question 9

What are the 6 stages of the development of new drugs?

Answer 9

1- computer simulation

2-tissue+organ testing

3- animal testing

4- small clinical trials on HEALTHY
people

5- small clinical trials on PATIENTS effected with the disease

6- Larger clinical trials

Question 10

What is the purpose of computer simulation?

Answer 10

Can predict how drug would interact with the target

Question 11

What is the purpose of the tissue and organ testing?

Answer 11

Tests how drug affects cells or tissues to rule out being toxic

Question 12

What is the purpose of the animal testing stage? (2 points)

Answer 12

• What side effects may be caused in a whole organism
• what doses might be effective

Question 13

What is the purpose of the small clinical trials on HEALTHY PEOPLE?

Answer 13

• tests whether the drug causes dangerous side effects in low doses

Question 14

What is the purpose of doing small clinical trials on PATIENTS? (3 points)

Answer 14

• can see if the drug treats the condition in people with the disease
• if it’s safe to use on these people
• identify the optimum dose

Question 15

What is the purpose of the larger clinical trial?

Answer 15

• tests if the drug is effective for a wide range of different people
• further track side effects

Question 16

What is used in all stages?

Answer 16

A placebo is used

Question 17

What is a placebo?

Answer 17

This means sone people on the trial will not get the real treatment (fake one that contains no medicine)

Question 18

What is a placebo?

Answer 18

A fake or dummy treatment with no medicine in it

Question 19

What is a double blind trial?

Answer 19

One where neither the scientists conducting the trial or the patient know whether the patient is getting the real treatment or placebo

Question 20

Why is it necessary for drug trials to be double blind?

Answer 20

Necessary so that the efficacy of the drug can be seen

Question 21

Why is it important that the placebo is exactly the same in appearance and how it is administered to the drug being trialled?

Answer 21

So that there are no clues as to who gas the real treatment or the fake one