Monoclonal Antibodies Flashcards
What type of blood cells are antibodies made from?
Lymphocytes
How are each antibodies different?
Each Antibodies have a specific shape to bind to a specific antigen on pathogens
What do antibodies do?
They help clump pathogens together for phagocytes to engulf+ destroy them
What are monoclonal antibodies made from?
Made from a single clone of cells
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Antibodies that are specific to one binding site on one antigen
What is an advantage of monoclonal antibodies?
They are able to target specific chemicals/cells in the body
Where can the antigens used in making monoclonal antibodies be found? (2 points)
- the antigen might be a protein found on the surface of a particular cell/pathogen
- or it may be a protein such as a hormone that is in the blood
What must we do to begin making antibodies?
First step is to make lymphocytes produce the antibodies SPECIFIC TO THE ANTIGEN we are interested in targeting
What are three uses of monoclonal antibodies?
- test for pregnancy
- deliver radioactive substance to cancer cells
- test for the presence of certain proteins in blood or in cells
What is the key thing about monoclonal antibodies?
monoclonal antibody used will only bind to the SPECIFIC ANTIGEN it’s been made to target
Describe how monoclonal antibodies can be used in testing for prostate cancer? (3 steps)
- a test for prostrate cancer involved taking a blood sample+ testing for the presence of a particular protein that is found in the blood of the patients with the cancer
- monoclonal antibodies that will bind with the protein are made
- they can be added to a sample of the patients blood to see if the protein is present (if it is reaction will occur)
Describe how monoclonal antibodies can be used in pregnancy testing (5 points)
- home pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies
- they bind with a hormone (hCG) which is found in the urine of PREGNANT women
- monoclonal antibodies are attached to the end of a pregnancy test (where women urinate)
- if pregnant= hCG will be present in woman’s urine+ will bind to the monoclonal antibodies on the test stick
- this will change colour/pattern indicating a pregnancy
Describe how a positive pregnancy would result from a pregnancy test (6 points)
- there are mobile anti hCG antibodies that carry blue dye
-they will move up the strip when the patient urinates on the stick
- there are fixed anti hCG a ti bodies in the TESTING WINDOW
- any mobile antibodies that have hCG bound to them will stick here
-remaining antibodies carry on+ will bind with the anti mouse antibodies in control window
- control window is there to prove that the test is working- the dye on the control line indicates the test is working and if theres dye on the test line it indicates a positive result
How do monoclonal antibodies help deliver radioactive substances to cancer cells? 2 points
“Monoclonal antibodies can be bound to radioactive substances so they can bind to cancer cells that have the right antigens.
-This way, the radioactive substance goes directly to the cancer cells, which helps treat the cancer while sparing healthy cells.”
How can antibodies be used to test for illnesses?
- antibodies can be added to blood samples to test for the presence of certain antigens that indicate certain illnesses
How can a positive test from a blood sample for an illness be seen?
A positive test for an illness from a blood sample can be observed through the clumping of antigens and antibodies that are bound together
What are two disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies?
1- use of animals to produce lymphocytes and the surgery done on them to remove them
2- significantly more side affects so it’s not as widely used for treating diseases yet
How can identification of diseases be made by in plants? 3 points)
- looking in gardening manuals or websites
- taking infected plant to lab for identification
- use of kits that contain monoclonal anti does that will react with particular protein
What are 6 symptoms of plant disease?
- stunted growth
- spots on leaves
- area of rot
- abnormal stems of leaves
- discolouration
- presence of pests (aphids)
Why are carbon dioxide and water needed in a plants balanced diet?
- to carry out photosynthesis and make glucose
What are the two mineral ions needed in a plants balanced diet?
- nitrate ions
- magnesium ions
What is the purpose of the nitrate ions in a plants balanced diet?
- for making amino acids to form proteins for growth
What is the purpose of magnesium ions in a plants diet?
For making chlorophyll
What is mineral deficiency?
When a plant does not get enough of a mineral
What are three ways plants get their minerals from?
- rocks
- natural fertilisers
- artificial fertilisers
How do plants get their minerals from ROCKS? (2 points)
- minerals in rocks are slowly dissolved in rain water, which is slightly acidic.
-these minerals are washed into soil
How do plants get their minerals from NATURAL FERTILIZERS? (2 ways)
- animal faeces+ the decay of dead plants and animals return minerals to the soil
How do plants get their minerals from ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS?
These contain a ready made mixture of the minerals needed by plants
What are two ways plants have to defend themselves from infection of herbivores?
- Thorns
- mimicry
How do thorns help a plant in defending itself?
Stops animals from touching+ eating them
How do mimicry help a plant in defending itself?
Stops insects laying on plant as its patterns that look like an organism has already laid on a plant
What do cellulose cell walls and waxy cuticles protect an organism against and how does it work? (2 points)
- protects against pathogens
- both act as physical barriers to prevent pathogens entering
What do layers or dead cells/bark protect an organism against and how? (2 points)
- protect against pathogen
- physical barrier to prevent pathogens entering
What do anti bacterial chemicals protect an organism against and how? (2 points)
- protect against bacteria
- kills bacteria that comes into contact with it so it can’t infect the plant
What do poisons protect an organism against and how? (2 points)
- protects against herbivores/organisms that eat plants
- stops plant being eaten
What do leaves that droop when touched protect organisms against and how? (2 points)
- protect against insects
- move away from things or knock insects off the leaf to stop leaf from being eaten
