Fungal+protist Diseases+ Immune Response

Question 1

What is a fungal disease?

Answer 1

Rose black spot

Question 2

Describe the symptoms of rose black spot disease and how it affects the growth of a rose

Answer 2

• discolouration/ black spots indicate less chloroplasts in the plant resulting in stunted growth due to not being able to photo synthesis as well

Question 3

What is a protist disease

Answer 3

Malaria

Question 4

What is a protist? (Pathogen)

Answer 4

A single celled organism that contains a nucleus (different to bacteria)

Question 5

How is malaria spread? (3 points)

Answer 5

• spread by female mosquitos
• they pick up the protist when feeding on the blood of an infected animal
• they then insert it into the blood of other animals they feed on

Question 6

What is the method of spread for rose black spot?

Answer 6

Caused by the fungus diplocarpon rosae which affects the leaves of many roses

Question 7

What are the symptoms of rose black spot? ( 2 points)

Answer 7

• leaves turn black or purple
• unable to photosynthesis+ produce glucose

Question 8

How can we prevent rose black spot? (2 points)

Answer 8

• burn all infected leaves and stems
• after removed use anti fungal chemicals on the plant

Question 9

What is the method of spread for malaria?

Answer 9

• plasmodium pathogens transmitted from one individual to another by the bite of a female mosquito which injects the plasmodium parasites into the blood stream causing infection

Question 10

What do mosquito’s transmit and what are they?

Answer 10

Transmit protists (mosquitos are the vector)

Question 11

What are symptoms of malaria? (4 points)

Answer 11

• fever
• tiredness
• vomiting
• head aches

Question 12

What are three ways we can prevent malaria?

Answer 12

• avoid being bitten by mosquitos
• mosquito repellant
• mosquito nets

Question 13

What is a treatment taken to prevent malaria?

Answer 13

Malarone taken to prevent transmittion

Question 14

Why would isolating an infected person of malaria not work? (2 points)

Answer 14

1- Malaria is caused by a protist and so is not passed directly from person to person

2- cannot really be isolated from mosquitos

Question 15

Why are mosquitos known as vector of malaria?

Answer 15

Because they transmit the protist that caused malaria

Question 16

How does spraying pools of water with oil help prevent malaria?

Answer 16

• acts as a barrier to stop oxygen reaching the larvae in the water and kills the mosquitos

Question 17

What are the type of pathogens for gonorrhoea, malaria and measles? (3 points)

Answer 17

• gonorrhoea= bacterium
• malaria= protist
• measles= virus

Question 18

Explain how the trachea is adapted to reduce the entry of
pathogens?

Answer 18

• trachea has a secrete mucus which traps the pathogens

-trachea has cilia which wafts the mucus up to the throat to be swallowed

Question 19

How do microbes make us ill? (2 points)

Answer 19

• damage cells
• release toxins

Question 20

What cells destroy the pathogens that manage to get into our body?

Answer 20

White blood cells

Question 21

How do white blood cells help with toxins?

Answer 21

Work to neutralise the effects of toxins

Question 22

What are the three ways white blood cells fight pathogens and their effects?

Answer 22

1- phagocytosis
2- releasing anti toxins
3- releasing antibodies

Question 23

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 23

When a white blood cell ENGULFS, INGEST and then DIGEST a pathogen in order to destroy it

Question 24

How is a microbe destroyed in phagocytosis?

Answer 24

Destroyed by powerful digestive enzymes within the white blood cell

Question 25

Which organelle would we expect to find lots of inside the white blood cell?

Answer 25

Ribosomes

Question 26

Describe how RELEASING ANTITOXINS can fight pathogens and their effect? (2 points)

Answer 26

- antitoxins link to the toxins to neutralise it’s effect (toxin is now harmless) - happens on a large scale to reduce the effect of the infection

Question 27

What is the unique molecule on every pathogen?

Answer 27

ANTIGENS

Question 28

What is a lymphocytes?

Answer 28

A type of white blood cell

Question 29

What is the role for lymphocytes? (2 POINTS)

Answer 29

- detect foreign antigens - produce special y shaped proteins called anti bodies

Question 30

Describe the process of releasing antibodies in 3 points

Answer 30

- antibodies bind to the anti gens on pathogens (‘labelling them’) - this causes them to clump together+ stop spreading further - this pathogen can then be destroyed by phagocytosis

Question 31

What is the relationship between different types of antigens and the antibodies produced in response to them?

Answer 31

Each different type of antigen causes a different type of antibody to be produced

Question 32

How does the specificity of antibodies relate to the antigens that trigger their production?

Answer 32

An antibody can only bind to the antigen that caused it to be produced

Question 33

How does a person become immune to a disease/pathogen?

Answer 33

If a person becomes infected by the same pathogen again, the white blood cell will rapidly produce the specific antibodies needed to kill it

Question 34

What is the first response to an infection and why?

Answer 34

- fever+ raise your temperature to slow down pathogens (virus)

Question 35

What are the names of the three types of white blood cells and what are their roles?

Answer 35

1- Phagocytes= surround bacteria+ingest bacteria+ break down bacteria using enzymes 2- T cells= target infected cells 3- b cells= release antibodies

Question 36

What do some of the white blood cells form once a pathogen has been in the body?

Answer 36

Memory cells

Question 37

How do memory cells help in fighting pathogens? (2 points)

Answer 37

1- They remember how to make the same antibodies if that same pathogen ever gets into the body again 2- allows immune system to respond much quicker

Question 38

How can we say someone is immune?

Answer 38

if their immune system responds quickly that the pathogen is destroyed before any symptoms of the disease the pathogen would cause are seen

Question 39

How can immunity be passed on?

Answer 39

Babies that are breast fed receive antibodies from breast milk (protection from pathogens)

Question 40

What happens during primary response? 2 points

Answer 40

- When a pathogen first gets into the body the white blood cells take a bit of time to make the right anti bodies (lag time) - pathogen is destroyed when antibodies are made

Question 41

What happens during the secondary response?

Answer 41

- The second time pathogens get in the response is much QUICKER and a LARGER volume of antibodies are made. - this is because MEMORY CELLS have remembered how to make the right antibodies

Question 42

Explain why we rarely get the same disease twice

Answer 42

Because the antibodies are made so quickly and in large quantities that the pathogen is destroyed before symptoms appear (immune)