Fungal+protist Diseases+ Immune Response Flashcards
What is a fungal disease?
Rose black spot
Describe the symptoms of rose black spot disease and how it affects the growth of a rose
- discolouration/ black spots indicate less chloroplasts in the plant resulting in stunted growth due to not being able to photo synthesis as well
What is a protist disease
Malaria
What is a protist? (Pathogen)
A single celled organism that contains a nucleus (different to bacteria)
How is malaria spread? (3 points)
- spread by female mosquitos
- they pick up the protist when feeding on the blood of an infected animal
- they then insert it into the blood of other animals they feed on
What is the method of spread for rose black spot?
Caused by the fungus diplocarpon rosae which affects the leaves of many roses
What are the symptoms of rose black spot? ( 2 points)
- leaves turn black or purple
- unable to photosynthesis+ produce glucose
How can we prevent rose black spot? (2 points)
- burn all infected leaves and stems
- after removed use anti fungal chemicals on the plant
What is the method of spread for malaria?
- plasmodium pathogens transmitted from one individual to another by the bite of a female mosquito which injects the plasmodium parasites into the blood stream causing infection
What do mosquito’s transmit and what are they?
Transmit protists (mosquitos are the vector)
What are symptoms of malaria? (4 points)
- fever
- tiredness
- vomiting
- head aches
What are three ways we can prevent malaria?
- avoid being bitten by mosquitos
- mosquito repellant
- mosquito nets
What is a treatment taken to prevent malaria?
Malarone taken to prevent transmittion
Why would isolating an infected person of malaria not work? (2 points)
1- Malaria is caused by a protist and so is not passed directly from person to person
2- cannot really be isolated from mosquitos
Why are mosquitos known as vector of malaria?
Because they transmit the protist that caused malaria
How does spraying pools of water with oil help prevent malaria?
- acts as a barrier to stop oxygen reaching the larvae in the water and kills the mosquitos
What are the type of pathogens for gonorrhoea, malaria and measles? (3 points)
- gonorrhoea= bacterium
- malaria= protist
- measles= virus
Explain how the trachea is adapted to reduce the entry of
pathogens?
- trachea has a secrete mucus which traps the pathogens
-trachea has cilia which wafts the mucus up to the throat to be swallowed
How do microbes make us ill? (2 points)
- damage cells
- release toxins
What cells destroy the pathogens that manage to get into our body?
White blood cells
How do white blood cells help with toxins?
Work to neutralise the effects of toxins
What are the three ways white blood cells fight pathogens and their effects?
1- phagocytosis
2- releasing anti toxins
3- releasing antibodies
What is phagocytosis?
When a white blood cell ENGULFS, INGEST and then DIGEST a pathogen in order to destroy it
How is a microbe destroyed in phagocytosis?
Destroyed by powerful digestive enzymes within the white blood cell
Which organelle would we expect to find lots of inside the white blood cell?
Ribosomes
Describe how RELEASING ANTITOXINS can fight pathogens and their effect? (2 points)
- antitoxins link to the toxins to neutralise it’s effect (toxin is now harmless)
- happens on a large scale to reduce the effect of the infection
What is the unique molecule on every pathogen?
ANTIGENS
What is a lymphocytes?
A type of white blood cell
What is the role for lymphocytes? (2 POINTS)
- detect foreign antigens
- produce special y shaped proteins called anti bodies
Describe the process of releasing antibodies in 3 points
- antibodies bind to the anti gens on pathogens (‘labelling them’)
- this causes them to clump together+ stop spreading further
- this pathogen can then be destroyed by phagocytosis
What is the relationship between different types of antigens and the antibodies produced in response to them?
Each different type of antigen causes a different type of antibody to be produced
How does the specificity of antibodies relate to the antigens that trigger their production?
An antibody can only bind to the antigen that caused it to be produced
How does a person become immune to a disease/pathogen?
If a person becomes infected by the same pathogen again, the white blood cell will rapidly produce the specific antibodies needed to kill it
What is the first response to an infection and why?
- fever+ raise your temperature to slow down pathogens (virus)
What are the names of the three types of white blood cells and what are their roles?
1- Phagocytes= surround bacteria+ingest bacteria+ break down bacteria using enzymes
2- T cells= target infected cells
3- b cells= release antibodies
What do some of the white blood cells form once a pathogen has been in the body?
Memory cells
How do memory cells help in fighting pathogens? (2 points)
1- They remember how to make the same antibodies if that same pathogen ever gets into the body again
2- allows immune system to respond much quicker
How can we say someone is immune?
if their immune system responds quickly that the pathogen is destroyed before any symptoms of the disease the pathogen would cause are seen
How can immunity be passed on?
Babies that are breast fed receive antibodies from breast milk (protection from pathogens)
What happens during primary response? 2 points
- When a pathogen first gets into the body the white blood cells take a bit of time to make the right anti bodies (lag time)
- pathogen is destroyed when antibodies are made
What happens during the secondary response?
- The second time pathogens get in the response is much QUICKER and a LARGER volume of antibodies are made.
- this is because MEMORY CELLS have remembered how to make the right antibodies
Explain why we rarely get the same disease twice
Because the antibodies are made so quickly and in large quantities that the pathogen is destroyed before symptoms appear (immune)
