PR 2| WEEK 3-4

Question 1

• examines the effects of an intervention on an outcome of interest.
  o The primary purpose of intervention research is to engender a desirable outcome for
  individuals in need (e.g., reduce depressive symptoms or strengthen reading skills)

Answer 1

Intervention research

Question 2

where the goal is to prevent a negative outcome from occurring.

Answer 2

Prevention research

Question 3

where the goal is often to support specific tenets of theoretical paradigms.

Answer 3

 Classic laboratory experimentation

Question 4

Assessment of an intervention’s effects, the sine qua non of intervention research, varies according to study design, but typically involves both ____________________________.

Answer 4

statistical and logical inferences

Question 5

There are many ways of letting a variable, factor, or condition intervene or have an application
on the subjects, and of later determining the effects of such intervention (TREATMENT).
Here are some of these methods: (De Mey 2013; Creswell 2013)

Answer 5

1. treatment evaluation;
   2 pre-test and post-test of multiple treatments or conditions

Question 6

There are two types of intervention studies:

Answer 6

1. randomized controlled trials
2. non-randomized or quasi-experimental trials.

Question 7

is considered to be the gold standard of clinical research because it is the only known
way to avoid selection and confounding biases.
 It approximates the controlled experiment of basic science.

Answer 7

Randomized controlled trial

Question 8

apply the conclusions of the experiment to people in the general population.

Answer 8

aim of a trial

Question 9

Three phases of Data Collection Procedure

Answer 9

before
during
after

Question 10

1.Develop your data collection instruments and materials.
2.Seek permission from the authorities and heads of the institutions or communities where you will conduct your study.
3.Select and screen the population using appropriate sampling techniques.
4.Train the raters, observers, experimenters, assistants, and other research personnel who may be involved in
data gathering.
5.Obtain informed consent from the subjects.
6.Pilot-test the instruments to determine to determine potential problems that may occur when they are administered.

Answer 10

Before

Question 11

1.Provide instructions to the participants and explain how the data will be collected.
2.Administer the instruments, and implement the intervention or treatment, if applicable.
3.Triangulation technique enhanced validation of data using two or more sources and methods

Answer 11

During

Question 12

1.Immediately encode or transcribe and archive your data.
2.Safeguard the confidentiality of your data.
3.Later, examine and analyze your data using the appropriate statistical tools.

Answer 12

 After

Question 13

Before you begin collecting data, you need to consider:

Answer 13

 The aim of the research
 The type of data that you will collect
 The methods and procedures you will use to collect, store, and process the data
To collect high-quality data that is relevant to your purposes, follow these four steps.

Question 14

4 steps to collect high-quality data that is relevant to your purposes

Answer 14

Step 1: Define the aim of your research
Step 2: Choose your data collection method
Step 3: Plan your data collection procedure
Step 4: Collect the data

Question 15

is expressed in numbers and graphs and is analyzed through statistical methods

Answer 15

Quantitative Data

Question 16

expressed in words and analyzed through interpretations and categorizations

Answer 16

qualitative data

Question 17

is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in
making more effective decisions, especially in the context of quantitative research.

Answer 17

Statistics

Question 18

methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way e.g. via various charts, tables, and infographics.

Answer 18

. Descriptive Statistic

Question 19

The methods used to estimate a property of a population on the basis of a sample e.g. T-Test, Z-Test, ANOVA, Regression Analysis, Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis.

Answer 19

Inferential Statistics

Question 20

average value, is the most commonly used measure of central tendency.
 The measure is used to estimate the unknown population mean when the data have been collected
using an interval or ratio scale
 The data should display some central tendency, with most of the responses distributed around the
mean

Answer 20

a. Mean

Question 21

is the value that occurs most frequently
 It represents the highest peak of the distribution
 The mode is a good measure of location when the variable is inherently categorical or has otherwise

Answer 21

b. Mode

Question 22

is the middle value when the data are arranged in
ascending or descending order
 If the number of data points is even, the median is usually estimated as the midpoint
between the two middle values by adding the two middle values and dividing their sum
by 2

Answer 22

c. Median

Question 23

measures the spread of the data
Simply the difference between largest and smallest values in the sample

Answer 23

a. Range

Question 24

The difference between the mean and an observed value is called the deviation from the mean. The variance is the mean squared deviation from the mean.

Answer 24

b. Variance

Question 25

– square root of the variance.
It‟s also a measure of how spread the values are

Answer 25

c. Standard Deviation

Question 26

– is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as
percentage, and it is a unitless measure of relative variability,

Answer 26

d. Coefficient of variation

Question 27

– is simply a statement that something is true.
 It is a tentative, a claim or an assertion about people, objects, or events.

Answer 27

Hypothesis

Question 28

is a procedure in making decisions based on a sample evidence or probability theory used
to determine whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected.

Answer 28

Hypothesis Testing

Question 29

is a hypothesis of no difference and it‟s denoted by Ho
 The null hypothesis can be expressed in statement from stating no significant difference
between the variables compared or using,

Answer 29

A. Null hypothesis

Question 30

 Alternative hypothesis is a hypothesis to be considered as an alternate to the null
hypothesis. It is usually denoted by

Answer 30

B. Alternative Hypothesis

Question 31

Steps in Hypothesis Testing

Answer 31

1. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis
2. Decide the level of significance
3. Choose appropriate test statistic
4. Establish the critical Region/Compute the Value of the Statistical Test
5. Make a Decision