BIO 2|SECOND SUMMATIVE Flashcards
in biology is concerned with the
classification systems and
nomenclature of organisms.
It is a branch of biological
science that studies the
distinctive characteristics of
species and how they are
related to other species
through time.
Systematics
is a branch of science that deals with the naming and classification of organisms.
Taxonomy
is a representation of relationships and, therefore, of how organisms evolved from a
common ancestor. _________shows the tree of life as a product of evolution and the degrees of
relationship by descent from
a common ancestor.
Phylogeny
is based on phylogeny
Taxonomy
is a diagram that represents
evolutionary relationships
among organisms.
are hypotheses, not definitive facts.
The pattern of branching in a
_________________ reflects how
species or other groups evolved
from a series of common
ancestors.
A phylogenetic tree
in biology refers to the establishment of a hierarchical system of categories on the basis of presumed natural relationships among organisms.
CLASSIFICATION
The science of biological classification is commonly called
taxonomy
is derived from the Greek taxis (“arrangement”)
and nomos (“law”).
TAXONOMY
is a branch of science that deals
with the naming and classification of organisms in a universally
accepted name.
Taxonomy
was Aristotle’s way of classifying organisms. The basis of Aristotle’s
classification was the presumed complexity of organisms. On that basis, Aristotle placed plants near the bottom of the classification
and humans near the top.
The Great Chain of Being
The Great Chain of Being
ARISTOTLE 384-322 BC
He wrote two books, Enquiry into Plants and On the Causes of Plants, which constitute the first
systematization of the botanical world and were major sources for botanical knowledge from antiquity to the Middle Ages. His
contributions to the field of plant biology earned him the distinction of being called, “Father of Botany.”
Theophrastus 371-287 BC
“Father of Botany.”
Theophrastus 371-287 BC
He published a two-volume work titled Species Plantarum and
Systema naturae, which was later
become at the time the most
important work on plant
nomenclature and classification.
He was the first to classify living things using structural similarities as basis.
There are two important features in his work- the classification of living
things by levels and the binomial
nomenclature.
Carl Linnaeus
is a Swedish botanist often called the Father of Taxonomy.
Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carl Von Linné or Carolus Linnaeu 1707-1778
The different levels of classification (8)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
The highest taxonomic category in biological classification ranking
above the kingdom
Domain
A group of related phyla
Kingdom
A group of related classes
Phylum
A group of related orders
Class
A group of related families
Order
A group of related genera
Family
A group of species
Genus
A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
Species
is the biological system of
naming the organisms in
which the name is
composed of two terms,
where, the first term
indicates the genus and
the second term indicates
the species of the
organism.
Binomial nomenclature
- All the scientific names of organisms are usually Latin. Hence, they are written in
italics. - There exist two parts of a name. The first word identifies the genus and the second word identifies the species.
- When the names are handwritten, they are underlined or italicized if typed. This is done
to specify its Latin origin. - The name of the genus starts with a capital letter and the name of the species starts with a small letter
Binomial Nomenclature
A method in biological
classification by which
organisms are
categorized based on
branching of descendant
lineages from common
ancestor.
CLADISTICS
The outcome of cladistics
analysis is
cladogram
Each category level is called a ________, which is a general term for any level of
classification.
taxon( plural taxa)
is a tool used in biology and other scientific fields to help identify and classify organisms, objects, or other items based on their
characteristics
A dichotomous key
means divided into two parts, hence the dichotomous keys always present two choices based on the key characteristics of the organism in each step. By correctly selecting the right choice at each stage, the user will be able to identify the name of the organism at the end. The further you divide the key, the more you learn about the specimen you are trying to identify.
“Dichotomous”
