PQ PRACTICAL Flashcards
Most sensitive test for pleural effusion:
ultrasound
Percent palpable in rectal exam:
40%
Cause of anemia in CKD:
Decreased erithropoitin production (EPO)
Second most used vein
external thoracic
Palpable artery
Transverse facial artery
Facial artery
medial/lateral digital artery
head and neck nod down when right limb on the floor. What limb is affected?
left FL
8h strangulation what pathology is seen?
- Ischemia and Necrosis
- hypoxia, loss of barrier fat, toxemia
- intestinal wall damage, peritonitis, shock
Most common side for laryngeal heimplasia:
left
Tenia you can palpate
palpated in the ventral colon
Where is epididymis in incomplete criptorchid:
inguinal canal
what kind of animal is suitable for blood transfusion
Gelding ( castrated horse)
4/6 holosystolic heart murmur on the left side in an old horse, why?
MVI - Mitrial Valve insufficiency
Regenerative changes in the mitral valve.
mechanism of action of tetanospasmin
the toxin produced by Clostridium tetani)
Inhibiting the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters like glycine and GABA –> uncontrolled muscle contraction
What kind of artefacts does lung give?
Reverberation
(occurs when ultrasound waves bounce back and forth between two strong reflectors, creating multiple, false echoes)
where do you push the nasopharyngeal probe
ventral nasal meatus
Avoid pushing dorsally, as this may lead to the ethmoid turbinates, caus
What is the cause of wear lines in osteoarthritis?
Cytokines ( IL-1B, TNF-a, IL-1,6)
fibrillation joint surface, Mechanical Stress,Chronic Inflammation,
What innervates the m. origin of interosseus medius (suspensory ligament) on the hind leg?
N. Plantaris profundus lateralis
What does Caslick solve?
Surgical technique used in horses, particularly mares, to address issues with pneumovagina
vulvar lips do not seal properly -infections in the uterus
What is the reason for blurred vision?
oedema..
What happens due to intraocular pressure greater than 45 Hgmm?
glaucoma
How to give 50 tablets PO to as horse
grind, add water and syringes
US - comets tail artifact??
?
Rhabdomyolysis what differentiates myoglobinuria vs hemaglobinuria
muscle enzymes :
CK (creatine kinase)
AST (asoarate aminotransferase)
Temperature adult
37-38
name one of the 2 piroplasmosis species
Babesia caballi + Thileria equi
Serious cause of laminitis
CHO overdose, endotoxemia, obesity
CHO - carbohydrate overdose
Reciprocal apparatus what anatomial structures are involved?
Perioneus tertius
superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)
Right Dorsal displacement of caecum surgery approach
midline/medial laperatomy and decompression by enterotomy/typhylotomy , you can also give conservation treatment
Does 104 have a decidious teeth
NO
Canine teeth
Name IV anesthesia used in practice
Diazepam and Ketamine
What is the cause of right dorsal colitis?
Phenylbutazone overdose
NSAID drug
14 ICS
Tuber ischiadicum
ECG
Ventricular tachycardia
Skin cancer in grey horses:
Melanoma
BALF cytology of RAO
Brinchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology
Neutrophilia (had to say over 25%) if you didnt then its a 0.5 points
Write down the small intestinal colic disorder, where 75% of horses are crib biters?
Strangulating obstruction: small intestinal loops incarcerated in the epiploic foramen
Tube for blood transfusion?
Na citrate
NEVER USE HEPARIN
sodium citrate
What does it mean Transfixation pin cast of the sesamoid bone?
Pins are placed on the cannon and the cast is distal.
tabilize fractures or injuries in bones
Causes of leukoencephalitis?
Equine leukoencephalomalacia?
Inflammation of the white matter in the brain
Fumonisin-B1 toxin
Fusarium moniliform
Treatment of recurrent left dorsal displacement?
Renosplenic closure
Colopexy will be accepted too
2 drugs for induction that can be given IV for castration:
ketamine and diazepam/midazolam
What’s a snip?
isolated white mark on muzzle / between nostrils
Lung border at tuberositas deltoid
7th rib
Most common autoimmune skin disorders
pemphigus foliaceus
Does tooth 109 had deciduous before
No
106,107,108
What is carpus valgus in foals
it is a angular limb deformity caused by uneven growth
Carpus bends inward, distal foot outward (laterally ).
What causes pulmonary edema?
Left (acute) CHF
MVR - mital valve regurgitation
Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis
endotoxemis, toxins
Which type of hypersensitivity is urticaria (hives)
Type 1hypersensitivity
(IgE-mediated).
Muscle biopsy for neural disease:
EMND –> sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis (next to tail)
Drug for insulin resistance?
Metformin
treatment: strict diet, shoeing + grazing muzzel
Which equine herpes causes pulm fibrosis:
EHV5
what diagnostic method would we use to diagnose a cervical myopathy?
Myelography
what is the normal resting heart rate in a horse?
28-42 BPM
What is the cause of Haemorrhagic purpurea?
immune-mediated vasculitis
ECG
2nd degree AV block
what degree?
3rd
Soft tissue?
Where does it insert?
Soft tissue; Proximal annular ligament.
Where does it insert: sesamoid bones
what view?
what lesion is mostly seen and where?
Tarsal joint (hock)
Most common cerebellar disease?
Cerebellar abiotrophy
aka ataxia
Tube used for hematology
EDTA
Which EHV cause skin disease
EHV-3
Cause of atypical myopathy
also called pasture myopathy
Maple toxicosis
Main specific cause of Severe Equine Asthma
RAO
Environment (dust)
Most Important physical examination of laminitis
Digital pulse palpation
laminatis give a hard pulsation !
3 blood vessels affected by guttural pouch mycosis
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Maxillary artery
Most effective Treatment of progressive ethmoid hematoma
Formalin injection (40%)
Treatment of septic arthritis
Synivial lavage
Removal, foreign meterial + hair
Debridement
Regional limb perfusion
Insertion of suspensory ligament
Proximal sesamoid bone
What is most common atrial arrhythmia causing exercise intolerance in horses.
Atrial fibrillation
Which facial nerve causes muzzle droop unilaterall/ asymmetrically
CN 7 - Facial nerve
Bile duct enzyme
GGT
Gamma-glutanyl transferase
How to check soft tissue problems.
SDFT ,US
Name the joint, Angle and lesion
Name the joint: Carpal
Angle: DP
lesion: physitis
How to deal with pelvic flexure impaction
NGT with fluid or MgSO4
What to use in case of gastric ulcer in adult horse.
PPI - Omeprazole
(PPI = proton pump inhibitor)
Most common Equine Metabolic syndrome sign?
Insulin resistance
Cresty neck
Cushing disease
Pituitary enlargement
Septic pleuritis - most common cause
Bronchopneumonia
Cushing syndrome Most important feature
Hirsutism (curly hair)
Laminitis
Weight loss
EHV pulmonary fibrosis
EHV5
Severe asthma
Environmental factors = decrease dust and mold in the environment
Laminitis physical examination
Digital pulse
Warmth of hooves and assess position
Explain Canker 2 words?
Hypertrophic pododermatitis
HOOF ROT
Chronic laminitis (founders) 3 characteristics
Hoof deformity
Pain + lameness
Coffin bone displacement
Location of sand accumulation?
Pelvic flexure +
terminal aspect of the right dorsal colon
Incomplete cryptorchidism where’s testicle?
In the abdomen
Gastric ulcer primary medication?
Omeprazole
Colloid you can use for infusion?
Plasma, HES
How to apply liquid parrafin?
Nasogastric tube
Foramen epiploicum where is it?
Right dorsal abdominal
Differential diagnosis of proximal enteritis?
Strangulation
Prokinetic you can use?
lidocaine
What’s colic surgery indication in neonatal/foals
Urinary bladder rupture
What’s 4 Bad?
Branchial arch defect
congenital disorder that causes right sided laryngeal paralysis
What is the examination method of renal tubular injury?
Urine analysis of GGT or refrctometer
What is the cause of photosensitization
accumulation of phylloerythrin
What does it mean when you have a partial malabsorption oral glucose tolerance test?
15-85% elevation of glucose
in case of total malabsorbtion <15% elevation
Describe 1 window of ultrasound
area where the probe is placed to allow sound waves to pass through tissues for clear imaging. It helps visualize internal organs or structures.
What nerve is affected when the tongue is paralyzed
N. Hypoglossus
What is a hepatic specific enzyme
Arginase, ammonia, direct bilirubin
What is the physiological arrhythmia in horses?
1st and 2nd AV block
What method is used in proxima..???l fold impaction
Nasogastric tubing with saline or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)/salt
fasting + fluid theraphy
What is used to measure isosthenuria
Refractometer, urine specific gravity - (1008-1014 g/l)
Thoracocentesis location on right side
6th ICS
ususally as ventral as possible at 6-10 ICS to avoid heart
Why do enema
Small colon impaction or hyperthermia
Tube for cytology
EDTA
Trocarisation of caecum
for cecal tympani (in right paralumbar fossa) must be decompressed with a catheter
NGT nasogastric tube - angle of head
Ventral meatus, head down
