PPD & PDD - Overall Set Flashcards
1
Q
What is a skin load dominated building?
A
Buildings that have a lot of surface volume relative to their volume, thermal response is heavily influenced by the conditions outside
2
Q
What is an internal load dominated building?
A
Buildings with minimal surface area relative to volume (hospitals, skyscrapers, office buildings) or buildings that generate a lot of heat regardless of their volume (theater while in use, factory) aka have a lot of loads. Only need heating on worst winter nights, and around the perimeter. It’s more about shedding heat year round
3
Q
What is solar heat gain coefficient? What is the range & what is high vs low?
A
The fraction of net solar radiation through a window, both directly transmitted and absorbed and subsequently released inward
ranges from 0 - 1, higher means more of radiant heat goes through
Typ high is 0.7 - 0.9, low is 0.2 - 0.4
4
Q
What is insolation?
A
radiant energy per sf of the sun
5
Q
What is a British Thermal Unit (BTU)?
A
the heat needed to move 1 lb of water up 1 degree F
6
Q
What is psychrometry?
A
The relation between air temperature and humidity
When things evaporate, they make everything around them colder
Warm air can hold more moisture than cool air
7
Q
Does evaporation make the environment cooler or warmer?
A
cooler
8
Q
Which hold more moisture: warm or cool air?
A
warm
9
Q
What are degree days?
A
a unit used to determine the heating requirements of buildings, representing a fall of one degree below a specified average outdoor temperature (65°F) for one day
The higher the CDD, the longer or hotter the summer
The higher the HDD number the most severe the winter
10
Q
What does a high number of cool degree days mean?
A
the longer or hotter the summer
11
Q
What does a high number of cool degree days mean?
A
12
Q
What is conductivity (k)?
A
the rate at which heat passes
higher conductivity the faster heat moves across
13
Q
What is resistivity (r)?
A
the rate at which a material resists the transfer of heat
inverse of conductivity, 1/r
we generally want materials with high r
can be higher than 1
14
Q
What is conductance (C)?
A
homogeneous materials of any given thickness or for heterogeneous materials with known thermal properties
15
Q
What is resistance (R)?
A
homogeneous materials of any given thickness or for heterogeneous materials with known thermal properties
Inverse of conductance
R = r x d
16
Q
What is U value?
A
measure of the overall ability of a series of conductive and convective barriers to transfer heat
value between 1 & 0
the lower the value, the better the insulator
U = 1 / R1 + R2 + R3 + …
17
Q
What is conduction (including equation)?
A
heat exchange between two surfaces that are in contact
heat will move as a function of the temperature difference between the two surfaces (delta T), the area of the surfaces that are touching (A), and the U Value of the materials touching
Q=U x A x deltaT
18
Q
What is Outdoor Design Temperature?
A
worst case scenarios seasonal low, similar to 100 year flood
Allows to calculate what equipment you need to heat on the coldest day
19
Q
What is air change?
A
rate per hour at which an entire volume of air leaves and is replaced by outside air
0.9 air change means 90% in one hour
Need to convert air change per hour to cubic ft or air per minute
2 is good amount, anything below 0.3 you have to intentionally bring in outside air
20
Q
What is radiation?
A
thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles
ex. surfaces around you have higher temps than the air - higher radiant heat
21
Q
What type of surfaces absorb, what type reflect?
A
dark and matte surfaces absorb more heat
light or reflective material reflect heat
22
Q
What is emittance?
A
a material’s ability to release heat through radiation
23
Q
What is low E glass?
A
microscopic layer of reflective coating inside glass
reflects heat back inside during winter, reflects heat out in the summer
24
Q
What is thermal mass?
A
the ability of a material to absorb, store and release heat
-Thermal lag - peaks are later and less sharp
-Moderating effect takes severity out of temp swings
25
What are 3 types of passive solar gain?
Direct gain space - you are occupying the space that’s being heated up
Indirect gain space - solar energy heating up a gap between window and concrete wall (Trombe wall), thermal mass has a good view of the sun
Sun space - also indirect, sun heats up one space, which is not conditioned, conditioned space is inboard of that
26
What is an evaporator loop?
Coolant that is evaporating or boiling is cold
Low pressure induces boiling
The side that is typ inside the house
27
What is a condenser loop?
Coolant that is condensing is warm (heat is produced when changing from gas to liquid)
High pressure induces condensation
The side that is typ outside the house
28
What is an economizer cycle / free cooling?
Cooling large buildings on cold nights with cool air using cold air outside the building (need to cool b/c heat generated inside the building offsets some of the heat losses from the envelope)
Can be air or water
29
What is a heat pump?
Reverse flow of coolant so cold side is outside and hot side is inside
can be geothermal
30
What is a grille?
air goes in
31
What is a register?
air goes out
32
What is a diffuser?
air is spread out
33
What is a heat exchanger?
allows heat from the exhaust air to be shared with the intake air, without coming into direct contact
34
What is a single zone HVAC?
use one outdoor condenser and one indoor head for a single area of the home
ideal for small homes
35
What is a Terminal Reheat (with VAV)?
If a room needs to be heated, a valve opens to allow heating water to flow through the reheat coil which reheats the air that passes through the coil. The controls that monitor air flow and heating coil are normally linked to the room's thermostat.
advantages are lots of control & space and equipment efficiencies, disadvantages are wasted energy
36
What is a dual duct system?
not really used anymore, have one hot duct and one cold, mix together in a mixing box per room to achieve desired temp
37
What is a split system?
compressor and condenser are outside, evaporator is inside, mostly for residential, must keep evaporator within 100’ of eachother
38
What is a fan coil unit?
Fan in the space rather than remotely, generally minimal ductwork, but noisier, efficiency and maintenance, increase control, need less space (pipes rather than ducts), common for multifam
39
What is an evaporative condenser?
water sprayed over top of the condenser, helps cool it quicker aka more efficient
40
What are the issues with putting equipment on the roof?
Structural demands, noisier, ugly, inefficient because heat/cool loss as you run things across the roof
41
What is a minisplit unit?
Fan coil unit in each zone, and each can be either a condenser or evaporator when needed
42
What is a rooftop water to water system?
Chiller using water to cool the condenser (cooling tower) bring cool to building through chilled pipes
Can have the chiller be remote (up to ½ mi away) and feed multiple bldgs
Can have chiller in the basement and cooling tower on roof
Could be geothermal water to water - condenser heat goes through pipes in ground to cool/heat depending on season
43
What is a Rooftop Water to Air System?
Condenser side has water cooled by water tower, evaporator has fan blowing air over coils
44
What are the different materials of pipes?
Copper - more expensive, more friction
Plastic - less expensive, less friction (ABS, PE, PVC, PVDC - can be used with hot water)
rated by thickness (k thicker, l medium, m thinner)
DWV - used for drains and vents
45
What are the different types of valves?
Gate - used for maintenance, can open it completely or close it
Globe - used for faucets, repeated use
Check - used for backflow prevention, near where water enters the bldg
46
What is the equation for pressure? In the context of water in pipes.
Pressure (P, psi) = 0.433 (constant) x Height (h, ft)
47
What are the temperature requirements for hot water?
140 deg for kitchen and laundry
110 deg for shower
105 for handwashing
48
What are the different types of vents (plumbing)?
Traps require vents, some can share, some need their own
Soil stack - black water
Stack vent - vent above the soil stack, lavatory, etc
Waste stack - grey water
Vent stack - not directly above stack, off to the side
49
Describe a septic system.
Solids are anaerobic decomposed, liquids to a leach field
Different types of soil absorb at different rates. Need percolation (perc) test
50
What is an artesian well?
comes from an aquifer under positive pressure (earth on top of the water is so much that if you stick a pipe down into it, the water will come up)
51
What is a shallow well?
single straw down to water (up to 25’) sucks water from underground
52
What is a deep well?
deeper than 25’, uses deep well pump, sends some low pressure water down into the well, uses venturi effect to suck water up
53
What are 1, 2, 4 pipe systems?
1 pipe system - water is not as hot near end of loop, but has a control valve so you can turn on / off different zones in a basic not that effective way
2 pipe system - for each fan coil unit has a return
4 pipe system - each coil has a hot and cold and a separate supply and return
54
What is the Power equation?
W (power in watts) = I (current in amps) x V (voltage in volts, standard is 120V) x PF (power factor)
55
What is non metallic sheathed cable?
two or more insulated conductors in a plastic sleeve (residential), easy to work with, not protected well
56
What is flexible armored cable?
two or more insulated conductors in spiral wound steel tape
metal clad (MC) - has a separate ground wire
57
What is Delta vs. Wye connected power?
Delta - has a single voltage available (phase to phase) so only 208V or 480V, 3 hot wires connected in a triangle, does not include a neutral wire*
*you will not be able to run most equipment directly off this arrangement
Wye - has two voltages available (phase to phase and phase to neutral) so 120/208V or 277/480V, has a neutral wire, connected in a Y shape
58
What is a rectifier?
electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC) which flows in only one direction
59
What is an inverter?
electrical device that converts direct current (DC) which flows in only one direction to alternating current (AC) which periodically reverses direction
60
What are disconnects / safety switches / switch gear?
first thing where power comes in bldg, a switch that can turn off other switches behind it, for emergency situations so you don’t have to touch high voltage high amp
leaves emergency power on
61
What is a GFI (ground fault interrupter outlet)?
receptacles that will interrupt circuits if they sense a 4 to 6 milliamp difference in current between the hot and neutral wires at the outlet
used wherever there will be water
62
What is a transformer?
step down public power to a voltage usable by buildings
watts stay constant, but volts and amps change
occasionally can be used to step power up
63
What are the pros and cons of an exterior transformer?
pro: no bldg space, no noise in bldg, low initial cost, easy maintenance & replacement, no interior heat generated, can use oil without having to fire rate
con: requires land & shade
64
What are the pros and cons of a below grade transformer?
common in urban settings
pro: useful when little land is available, o bldg space, no noise in bldg, low initial cost, easy maintenance & replacement, no interior heat generated, can use oil without having to fire rate
con: earthwork costs
65
What are the pros and cons of an interior transformer?
oil filled transformer must be located in a fire rated vault with the switchboard in an adjacent row
dry type transformers may be combined with switchboard in a main elec room or suubstation
con: requires proper ventilation for safety & heat loss, noise, heat generation
66
What is Ohm's Law
current is directly proportional to voltage & indirectly proportional to resistance. if current increases, voltage increases
V = I x R, I = V / R, R = V / I
67
What is the electrical set up for a shed?
120V, single phase, 2 wire
68
What is the electrical set up for a single family residence?
120V/240V, single phase, 3-wire
The 240V for the high voltage equipment (AC system, electric range, electric dryer)
69
What is the electrical set up for a larger bldg?
120V/208V, 3 phase, 4 wire
3 phases - because voltage cycles to 0 twice per second (sine wave) and you want to ensure the 0s don’t line up because that wears down your motor, req more maintenance, and more power
70
What is the electrical set up for a really big building?
277V/480V, 3 phase, 4 wire
480V for motors, pumps, elevators, etc
71
What do decibels measure? What is the threshold of hearing and threshold of pain? If you double the distance how many decibels drop?
(dB)
unit of sound pressure / intensity
0 dB = threshold of hearing
130 dB = threshold of pain
every time you double a distance there is a 6db drop
72
What are A weighted decibels?
an expression of the relative loudness of sounds as perceived by the human ear
73
What are octave bands
groupings of decibels (dB) and frequency (HZ)
74
What is the speed of sound?
typically moves 1,128 feet per sec, about 1 ft per millisecond
75
What is (acoustic) transmission?
the propagation of a sound wave through an object or medium
76
What is (acoustic) reflection?
the bouncing back of the sound wave on striking a surface such as a wall, metal sheet, plywood, etc.
77
What is (acoustic) absorption?
the process by which a material, structure, or object takes in sound energy when sound waves are encountered
78
What is absorption coefficient?
represented by alpha symbol
0-1, 0 means all the sound energy is absorbed, 1 means none of the sound energy is absorbed
79
What is noise reduction coefficient (NRC)?
the avg of sound absorption at four frequency bands
0-1
higher means quieter, good is above .75
80
What is reverberation time? And what are some typ reverberation times per room type?
time it takes for the sound to drop by 60 dB
Decay takes longer in a larger room or less absorptive room
2 sec - concert hall (least amt of speech)
1.5 sec - opera house
1 sec - theater
.75 sec - classroom
.5 sec - small office
.25 sec - living room
81
What is transmission loss?
the accumulated decrease in intensity of a waveform energy as a wave propagates outwards from a source, higher means quieter
82
What are flanking paths?
“leaks” where sound can get in
ex:
through ducts
through ceiling into plenum
leaks between adjacent construction
transmission and impact loss thru partition
loss thru outlets and other openings
leaks at floor / wall intersection
impact sounds thru floor
83
What are strategies for sound reduction in wall construction?
massive - single layer gwb < multilayer GWB with staggered panel joints
airtight: ex. standard block wall < grout filled block wall
structurally discontinuous: ex. standard stud wall < staggered stud wall or double stud wall or resilient clip
84
What is Noise Criteria level (NC)? What is the range of quiet to loud?
relative loudness of “background” noise in a space, higher means more noise
Lower than NC 30 is quiet, louder than NC 55 is loud
85
What is STC (Sound Transmission Class)?
an integer rating of how well a building partition attenuates airborne sound, higher means quieter
50 STC req between multi fam
86
What is Impact Isolation Class (IIC)?
measures impact sound transmissions through floor assemblies
higher means quieter
req atleast 50 between multi fam,
fix with resilient mat in the floor detail
87
How can you reduce mechanical noise?
Overall - the more space you can allow to mech space the better
Buy quiet equipment
Have silencer inside duct
Increase duct length
Internally lined duct - but there are air quality concerns with this
Have slower duct velocities
Smooth duct transitions rather than abrupt
88
How do you space skylights?
1.5 x ceiling height = spacing O.C.
89
What is color rendering index (CRI)?
a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reveal the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with a natural or standard light source, 0 - 100 with 100 being perfect
For us to see a color there has to be that color in the source light
90
What is correlated color temperature?
color that the lamp appears (warmer - cooler)
higher temperature lights are cooler, lower temperature lights are warmer
91
What is an incandescent lamp? What are the pros and cons?
tungsten filament placed in a sealed bulb with inert gas
Pro: high color rendition index (CRI=100), inexpensive, compact, dimmable, warm light
Con: low efficiency (lot of watts going in and less lumens going out), short life, high heat
92
What is a fluorescent lamp? What are the pros and cons?
a mixture of inert gas and low pressure mercury vapor. Requires a ballast which produces noise. Class A lights are quietest, Class F are loudest
Pro: high efficiency, low cost, long life, variable colors, dimmable
Con: CRI of 65-85
93
What are the features of metal halide lamps? Pros & cons?
High color temp (cooler looking), CRI of 85
Long lamp life
Used in stadiums, warehouses, car washes, etc
94
What are the features of high pressure sodium lamps? Pros & cons?
CRI of 20
Often in street lighting
Long lamp life, very efficient
95
What are the features of high light emitting diodes? Pros & cons?
Pro - high CRI (85), produce minimal heat, low energy cost, long life span, very efficient
Con - have a hard time shedding heat, fade as they die
96
What are some strategies to utilize daylight in an office?
Occupancy sensor
Zoning of lights - lights closest to window on one sensor, mostly off, next row in 50% on, etc
Demand response - shed lighting laid during peak energy usage times
97
What is Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)?
over time lamps produce less light, so you overlight at beginning, knowing that the lamps will degrade, number from 0-1, if you lose 10% of LLD you have an LLD of .9
98
What are footcandles?
the unit of illlumination, equal to the number of lumens falling on each SF of a surface
= lumens / area in sf
normal interior levels are 10-100
99
What are wet pipe sprinklers?
most common, the sprinkler piping is constantly filled with water. When the temperature at the ceiling gets hot enough the glass bulb or fusible link in a sprinkler will break. Since the system is already filled with water, water is free to flow out of that sprinkler head
100
What is a dry pipe sprinkler?
filled with pressurized air or nitrogen instead of water to prevent frozen and burst sprinkler pipes in areas with colder temperatures, best for unconditioned space in a cold climate
101
What is a pre-action sprinkler?
a dry sprinkler system, water is not contained in the pipes but is held back by a pre-action valve. A voice command will then say sprinkler are about to go off in 30 second, giving the opportunity to cancel the sprinklers
102
What is a deluge sprinkler?
for high hazard area, when triggered, all the sprinkler heads in a zone will spray
103
What is fire extinguisher type A?
water based, used for paper or wood
104
What is fire extinguisher type B?
foam based, used for chemical fires
105
What is a fire extinguisher type C?
foam based, used for electrical
106
What is a fire extinguisher type D?
foam based, used for combustible metals
107
What is a hydraulic elevator? Pros & cons?
powered by hydraulic jack, which are fluid-driven pistons that travel inside of a cylinder
pro: low initial cost, low maintenance cost
con: high energy demand, hydraulic fluid is an environmental hazard, slow, limited travel distance
108
What is a traction elevator? Pros & cons?
utilize steel ropes or belts on a pulley system
pro: more efficient, last longer, require less maintenance, faster, smoother ride, longer travel distance
con: high initial cost, medium maintenance cost
109
What is a geared elevator?
traction, max rise of 150', 5-15 stops, 500 fpm
has more torque, so often used in freight elevators
110
What is a gearless elevator?
traction, max rise of 2000', 15-60 stops, 2400 fpm
111
What is a machine roomless elevator? Pros & cons?
either traction or hydraulic
mac height 250' max
500 fpm (traction), 150 fpm (hydraulic)
pro: requires less space, energy efficient, similar cost to general traction
con: difficult to implement, restricted by code, no destination dispatch system, not suitable for freight
112
What is the shaft requirement for hoistway?
required to have a vent that is 3.5% of hoistway or 3 sf, whichever is bigger
113
What are the capacities of an escalator?
Slope: 30-35
Speed: 100 to 125 fpm
Clearance: 7ft req.
Capacity: 1.25 people per tread
Max rise: 20-40 ft, 60ft if supported in the middle
114
How does pipe "schedule" naming work?
Pipe sizes are named by wall thickness, have same diameter (ex. Schedule 40 pipe has thinner walls than schedule 80)
115
What is a low slope roof? What are the possible issues?
less than 2” per foot or 17% (but above 1/4" per ft)
Relatively slow drainage, small errors resulting in ponding. Membranes must be flawlessly watertight. Water vapor from the building inside or wind from outside can cause blistering, flapping, displaced or cracked membranes
But can cover buildings of any horizontal scale, simpler geometry, can be planted & occupied
116
What is a steep roof? What are the possible issues?
greater than 2” per foot or 17%
Use gravity to shed water, overlap small units (shakes, shingles, thatching, etc). These smaller units can be easily repaired and replaced, and bend and flex with the roofs expansion and contraction.
However they are visible
117
What are 3 ways to slope the roof?
- slope the structure
- taper the structure
- tapering the insulation
118
What are topside roof vents?
Allows moisture vapor to escape from beneath the membrane but closes to prevent water or air from entering
119
What are 3 types of low slope roof membranes?
- bituminous (made from asphalt, overlapping layers)
- single-ply (rolled up plastic that we unroll)
- fluid applied (take a chemical sealant and mop or spray it on)
120
What is emissivity?
ability for the roof to shed heat, high emissivity roof means it can shed the heat quickly so its cooler
121
What is albedo?WHat % albedo do we want minimum?
solar reflectance, high albedo is light color & reflective (we want atleast 65% albedo)
122
What is the difference in strength b/w springwood & summer wood?
Summerwood - grows slower, more strength
Springwood - grows faster, less strength
123
What is the modulus of elasticity?
measure of overall strength / stiffness, higher number means stronger
124
What is plain sawn wood?
cheaper, more likely to warp, produces less waste
125
What is quarter sawn wood?
finer grain (better aesthetics), more dimensionally stable, more expensive
126
What is moisture content (MC)?
how much moisture is in the wood, the less moisture the greater structural quality
MC = ((Weight when wet - weight when dry)/Weight when dry) * 100
Ex. MC15 = 15% moisture, MC19 = 19% moisture, MC15 is stronger
127
What are 3 grades of wood?
Stud grades - for studs, including load bearing
#1 structural framing - for headers and long spans
Utility grade - for blocking, etc
128
What is glue laminated wood?
layers of dimensional lumber bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives so that all of the grain runs parallel to the longitudinal axis
129
What is cross-laminated timber?
several layers of kiln-dried lumber boards stacked in alternating directions, bonded with structural adhesives, and pressed to form a solid, straight, rectangular panel
Lightweight yet very strong, with superior acoustic, fire, seismic and thermal performance, CLT is also fast and easy to install, generating almost no waste onsite.
130
What is laminated strand lumber?
dried and graded wood veneers, strands or flakes that are layered upon one another and bonded together with a moisture-resistant adhesive into large blocks known as billets
(longer strands) not super strong, inexpensive
131
What is oriented strand lumber?
OSL is made from flaked wood strands that have a length-to-thickness ratio of approximately 75. The wood strands used in OSL are shorter than those in LSL. Unlike OSB, the strands in OSL are arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member
132
What is parallel strand lumber?
Dried and graded wood strands are layered upon one another and bonded together with a moisture-resistant adhesive into large blocks known as billets
In the case of PSL, long strands (longer than those used in LSL) are laid lengthwise in parallel.
strong, heavy, relatively expensive
133
What are wood i-joists?
dimensional lumber with an OSL board in between, used in floors, roofs, etc
134
What is laminated veneer lumber?
an engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives
like plywood but thicker
135
What are wood plastic composites?
weather resistant, less likely to shrink and warp more flexible
136
How do you calculate board feet?
Board feet = (nominal width (in) x nominal ht (in) x length (ft)) / 12
137
What are the differences between nominal and actual dimensions?
1 - 5/4 = -1/4"
2 - 7 = -1/2"
8 - 12 = -3/4"
138
What is oriented strand board? What is it used for?
strongest & stiffest of nonveneered panels
most common in subfloors and exterior sheathing
139
What is fiberboard?
made from the smallest grain of wood (compared to OSB and particleboard)
best for interior uses
smoothest surface
140
What is sheathing rating # / # ?
roof spacing OC / floor spacing OC
ex. 32/16 means spacing of 32” OC for roof and 16” OC for floor
141
What are the plywood bond classifications?
Exterior - for exterior use
Exposure 1 - can handle some water, etc, but not meant to be exposed to weather long term (95% of plywood)
142
When do you have to treat wood?
-Wood joists are less than 18” above grade
-Wood beams or girders are less than 12” above grade
-Plates, sills, or sleepers are in direct contact with masonry or concrete which is in direct contact with the earth
-Wood framing members or sheathing are less than 8” from the soil
143
What woods are VERY decay resistant?
black locust, red mulberry, osage orange, pacific yew
144
What woods are SLIGHTLY decay resistant?
cypress, catalpa, cedar, chestnut, white oak, redwood, black walnut
145
What is balloon vs platform framing?
Balloon - requires fire stopping,
Platform - Newer and more common now, shorter lumber, less prone to fire spread, can frame wall horizontally
146
What are strategies for drainage @ the foundation?
dampproofing / waterproofing
Overhangs
Drip edges
Sloping ground away
Gravel fill
147
What is a rim board or band joist
Sits on top of the header or floor below or foundation
Seals the open ends o the joists
provides surface for attachment of exterior insulation, cladding, and finish elements
Transfers some of the loads to the floor below
After the attic, this is the most likely place for insulation gaps & air infiltration
148
What is an ice guard?
a mat under the shingles at the outermost edge of the roof to prevent ice or water from infiltrating the roof construction
149
What is the attic vent ratio?
IBC requires min vent area 1/150th of attic footprint or, if theres a vapor barrier, 1/300th
150
Which is stronger, cold rolled or hot rolled steel?
Cold rolled steel is stronger than mild steel
151
How does carbon content affect metal strength / brittleness?
the more a metal has, the stronger but more brittle
-cast iron is stronger than wrought iron b/c carbon content
152
depth to span ratio: beam
Beam depth is generally 1/20 the span, width is ⅓ the depth
153
depth to span ratio: girder
Girder depth is 1/15 the span, width is ⅓ the depth
154
depth to span ratio: open web
Open web is 1/20 the span
Roofs, lightly loaded floors, or closely spaced can be 1/24 the span
155
depth to span ratio: steel decking
Steel decking depth is 1/40 the span
156
depth to span ratio: triangular steel truss
Triangular steel truss depth is ¼ the span
157
depth to span ratio: rectangular steel truss
Rectangular truss depth is ⅛ the span
158
What is Type 1 cement?
normal
159
What is Type 1A cement?
Normal, air entrained. Tiny bubbles introduced to the concrete and those help with durability (freeze/thaw) and make the concrete more workable, Used for exposed concrete in cold climates
160
What is Type 2 cement?
moderate resistance to sulfates. for coming into contact with groundwater or below grade in sulfate heavy soil.
161
What is Type 2A cement?
moderate sulfate resistance, air entraining
162
What is Type 3 cement?
high early strength concrete. useful for precast concrete, concrete block manufacturing, tilt up concrete, and anywhere we would want to strip the formwork soon after pouring
163
What is Type 3A cement?
high early strength, air entraining
164
What is Type 4 cement?
low heat of hydration. for massive structures like dams where there is so much heat of hydration
165
What is Type 5 cement?
High resistance to sulfate attack
166
What is the aggregate sizing rule of thumb?
have the aggregate be less than ¾ the distance between rebar and less than ⅓ the depth of a slab
167
What is the rebar naming convention?
Rebar # refers to the 1/8ths of an inch in diameter
Ex. #8 rebar is 8/8” or 1” diameter
168
What are the rebar grades?
Grade 60 = 60k PSI, most common
Also comes in 40 & 75, use 75 for columns
169
What is the correct amount for rebar overlap?
Overlap rebar at the ends by 30x the diameter or use reinforcing bar couplers
170
What is prestressed concrete?
is substantially "prestressed" (compressed) during production, in a manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service. This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete
Pre-tensioned - mostly precast concrete
Post-tensioned - mostly cast in place
171
What are the steps to pouring a slab on grade concrete pad?
1. Scrape topsoil off to reveal a more stable subsoil. if the subsoil is not stable you need to truck some in
2. At least 4” inches of 1.5” crushed stone to make a capillary break. roll out plastic sheet for moisture barrier
3. Formwork. Edge of metal or wood supported by in-ground stakes
4. Welded wire reinforcing on chairs or bolsters, or concrete brick to prevent rust moving through
5. Pour the slab
6. Scree the slab to make level
7. Keep damp for atleast a week
8. Control joints every 15’
172
What is a control joint vs isolation joint?
Control joint - extend parkway down the depth of the slab and are intended to limit cracking
Isolation joint - go all the way clear through the slab, used for expansion/contraction, seismic, vibration/noise isolation, or breaking up the irregular shapes of a building
173
concrete beam depth & width ratio
Width = 3 x height
174
one way slab depth
4” - 20” deep, 1/22 the span, post tensioned 1/40 the span
175
two way slab depth
5” - 12” deep, 1/30 the span, 1/45 if post tensioned
176
drop panels depth
⅓ the span, ½ slab depth
177
waffle slab depth
3” - 4.5” (plus depth of dome/pan), 1/24 the span, 1/35 if post tension
178
concrete beams depth
1/16 the span, 1/24 if posttension
179
concrete girders depth
1/12 the span, 1/20 if posttension
180
What is pre-tensioned pre-cast concrete?
compressive stresses induced by high-strength steel tendons in a concrete member before loads are applied will balance the tensile stresses imposed in the member during service
181
mortar type M
Highest strength. Use below grade, with high loads, or severe frost
182
mortar type S
exterior reinforced masonry, exterior load bearing masonry, veneers subject to seismic or high wind loads
183
mortar type N
general purpose, balance of workability and strength, non-loadbearing veneers and chimneys, interior load bearing walls
184
mortar type O
interior or non loadbearing uses
185
mortar strength pnemonic device
word “MaSoNwOrK”, every other letter lists them in order of high to low strength
186
modular brick size
3 ⅝ x 2 ¼ x 7 ⅝ , 3 stacks are 8” high
187
utility brick size
3 ⅝ x 3 ⅝ x 11 ⅝, use less mortar, making it stronger and less expensive wall
188
typical mortar height
⅜” is typical mortar height, ranges ¼” - ½”
189
What is FBA brick?
facing brick - more variation insize and chippage (aesthetic reasons) (A nomaly)
190
What is FBS brick?
facing brick - some variation in size and chippage (S tandard)
191
What is FBX brick?
facing brick - more dimensionally uniform and less chippage (X act)
192
What are paving bricks?
used for horizontal surfaces, superior freeze thaw resistance, lower water absorption rates
193
What is fire brick?
superior heat resistance, uses a special fire clay mortar and thinner joints
194
What is MW brick?
weather resistant, for exterior use but only in weather negligible area (M iami brick)
195
What is NW brick?
interior only (N terior brick)
196
What is SW brick?
used for underground applications, acceptable for any climate, toughest brick (S now brick aka best for outside)
197
What is the modulus of rupture?
most important for determining a stones ability to accept metal anchor that hold them to buildings
198
What is flexural strength?
most important for stone's resistance to wind
199
What is compressive strength (stone)?
most important for stone in load bearing wall
200
What are strap anchors?
anchor the mortar to the wall between courses of stone
201
What is regular (dense) concrete?
stronger, but heavier and poor thermal resistance
202
What is lightweight concrete?
uses lightweight aggregate, weaker but higher thermal resistance
203
What is aerated concrete?
admixture creates air bubbles in concrete, even higher thermal resistance but even weaker
204
What are the most common CMU dimensions?
8 x 8 x 16 or 7 ⅝” x 7 ⅝” x 15 ⅝”
205
How do you avoid water penetration in masonry?
Double wythe concrete block with capillary break
Finished with stucco, special paints, or special coatings that provide water resistance
Made with water repellent concrete and water repellent mortar
Use in arid climates
206
what are the different types of water / air / vapor control layers?
Peel & stick
Liquid applied (spray or rolled on)
Building wrap (Tyvek)
Only works if lapped, is only for rain or air not both
Tar paper
Have to be very careful when applying these sealants
207
How do you seal a window?
Can be with self adhered membranes, fluid applied, or pre-manufactured rigid
208
What are air barrier materials?
Gypsum board, OSB (if sealed properly), house wrap (if taped), plastic membrane, peel and stick membrane, spray more, concrete, glass & metal, roof membrane
We want walls with high r value and low u value
209
lDoes insulation inside or outside of structure have less thermal bridges? What are other methods for reducing thermal transfer from outside to inside?
insulation has less thermal bridges when outboard of the structure
also shading, radiant barriers, low e, shiny rooms, thermal breaks, thermal mass
210
What is foam plastic insulation?
water tolerant, air impermeable, includes expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene
All are used as water vapor and air barrier (need to be taped)
211
What is expanded polystyrene (EPS)?
foam / plastic insulation, cheaper and more easily worked in field, good for underground
212
What is extruded polystyrene (XPS)?
foam /plastic insulation, more insulation per inch
213
What is polyisocyanurate?
foam / plastic insulation, cannot be used underground, less flammable
214
What is closed cell spray foam (CCSPF)?
foam / plastic insulation, continuous, exposed to water for long periods of time, can be used below grade
215
What is open cell spray foam?
foam / plastic insulation, interior only (no water), not a vapor or water or air barrier, better for noise insulation, less expensive, mold resistant, less insulative per inch than closed cell
216
What is glass fiber insulation?
Have self supporting and semi-rigid versions for exterior use, cannot be used as an air rain or vapor barrier, can serve as capillary break drainage plane, less expensive than foam, more fire resistant
217
What is mineral wool insulation?
inexpensive, can be used in exterior, can be capillary break drainage plane, fire resistant
218
What are the classes of vapor retarder?
Class 1: less than 0.1 perms
- Foil, thick polyethylene sheet, vinyl wallpaper, white boards
Class 2: 0.1 - 1.0 perms
- Some plywoods, some latex paints, kraft paper, rigid foam insulation
Class 3: 1 - 10 perms
Greater than 10 perms is vapor permeable
219
where do you place vapor control layer?
Vapor barrier on warm side of insulation
Warm climate - outside insulation
Cold climate - inside insulation
220
which climate zones need a vapor control layer?
Climate zone 1, 2, 3, 4a, 4b
- For above ground framed wall, can get away with no vapor control layer
Don’t use class 1 if humid summers
Climate zone 4c, 5, 6, 7,8
- Need vapor control on inside of insulation (interior side), use class 1 or 2
- Can use class 3 sheathing in zones 4c or 5 if there is vented exterior cladding and sheathing is greater
221
what will determine the diameter of a long skinny column?
For long and skinny columns that are not placed far apart, the diameter of the column will likely be controlled by buckling rather than the load from above
222
What is a theoretical k value?
higher k, more likely to buckle
Multiply by column length
Works for steel or concrete, recommended design k value is for wood
223
What is shear a function of?
length
224
what is the moment a function of?
length squared
225
what is deflection a function of?
length cubed
226
what typically controls beam size?
bending moment
227
between shear walls, braced frame, and moment resisting frame - what is most and least expensive?
shear wall - least expensive
moment resisting frame - most expensive (because you have to put extra bolts on each connection)
228
what is the bending moment formula?
M(max bending moment) = (w (load per ft) x L^2)/8
229
what is the max bending stress formula?
Fb = M (max bending moment in-lbs)/S (section modulus in^3)
230
what does the section modulus indicate?
how robust is the geometry of the beam
231
Where should you place sound absorbing material in order to best reduce the build up of low frequency sound?
near the corners and edges of walls
232
An HVAC duct running through a fire-rated wall would require what?
A fire damper
233
Typically, what percentage of concrete's volume is taken up by aggregates?
about 75%
234
List 4 suitable materials for piles.
Steel H-shape, steel pipe, precast concrete, and wood
235
What are 4 ingredients in portland cement?
limestone, clay, iron ore, and gypsum
no aggregate, no admixtures
236
What is enthalpy?
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system. It is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and volume.
237
Beyond what decibel level does sound start to be considered harmful?
Sustained sounds at 80 decibels and above can cause permanent hearing loss. Sounds at 125 dbA and above cause pain.
238
What 4 ingredients are present in a standard concrete mixture?
Concrete contains portland cement, admixtures, water, and aggregate.
239
In a W12x210 column, what does the 210 represent?
In a W12x210 steel I-beam, the 210 represents the weight of the steel per linear foot. The 12 represents the approximate depth of the web, and may vary a few inches in either direction.
240
What is Grade K copper pipe used for?
underground supply water pipes
241
What is Grade L copper pipe used for?
plumbing systems within a building
242
What is Grade M copper pipe used for?
drainage piping, branch supply lines, chilled water systems, and exposed lines in heating systems
243
What are the three basecoat plasters?
Wood-fibered plaster
Bond plaster
Ready-mixed plaster
244
What is a construction joint?
used where two separate placements of concrete meet and where reinforcement may be continuous.
245
What is a cold joint?
used when a concrete slab is too large to be completed in a single concrete pour
246
List 5 common non-combustible materials.
concrete
brick and cmu masonry
metals (except aluminum)
sheet & block glass
mineral and rock wool
247
How thick are single and double strength glass?
Single-strength glass is approximately 3/32″ thick.
Double-strength glass is approximately 1/8″ thick.
248
What climate is porous concrete paving suitable for?
warmer climates
(because freeze / thaw)
249
What type of labor is the most expensive?
Field labor is generally most expensive because it involves the most varying conditions.
250
What is a downfeed water supply system? When do you use it?
In highrise buildings it makes the most sense to use a downfeed water supply system.
In this system, water is pumped from the base of the building to storage tanks at the top. The water is distributed from these storage tanks as it’s needed.
251
What does a mixing box adjust?
Mixing boxes are used in HVAC systems and connected to thermostats. A mixing boxes job is to adjust the quantity and/or temperature of the air while simultaneously reducing the air velocity.
252
What is the name for the tile with the highest moisture absorption rate?
No tile is truly waterproof but non-vitreous tile has the highest moisture absorption rate. This type of tile is typically not suitable for use in very wet areas such as showers.
253
What percentage of floor area does an all air system need?
3 - 10%
254
What percentage of floor area does an all water system need?
1 - 3%
255
What percentage of floor area does an air/water system need?
3 - 10%
256
What are 2 methods to detect air infiltration?
The air change method measures how often the air in a building is replaced with new air.
The crack method uses the total length of cracks or joints to estimate how much air infiltration there is.
257
What is sandwiched in laminated glass?
polyvinyl butyral (PVB) aka resin
258
What are the two types of loudspeaker systems?
A central system has an array of directional high-frequency units combined with less directional low-frequency units placed above and slightly in from of the sound source.
A distributed system consists of low-level loudspeakers located overhead throughout the space.
259
Radon is a developed from what source?
natural radioactivity in soils.
260
What entity is primarily responsible for enforcing and monitoring a building's air rights?
Air rights are monitored and enforced by local planning departments through the zoning ordinance.
261
At what moisture content is wood considered green?
30% and above
262
Why is camber often built into a glued laminated beam? (3 reasons)
to avoid the appearance of sag
to eliminate the ponding of water on top of a sagging beam
to compensate for deflection
263
Which lighting types are most poorly suited for application in a cold climate?
The starting and operation of fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting systems can be affected by abnormal temperatures.
In low-temperature environments such as refrigerated areas, fluorescent lamps can experience adverse performance such as “fluttering,” reduced light output and difficulty starting by the ballast. In such applications, enclosed fixtures, special “cold weather” fluorescent lamps and/or jacketed lamps can help ensure reliable performance
264
What is K value?
thermal conductivity of a material
265
Ordinary sprinkler heads activate in what temperature range?
135° – 170° F
266
Do more or less dense materials transmit sound faster?
more dense
267
How do intumescent materials respond to heat?
Intumescent materials rapidly expand when exposed to heat creating a sacrificial layer.
268
When making concrete, what is the typical order in which the ingredients are added?
Cement
Aggregates
Water
269
What is the best elevator for a skyscraper?
For a skyscraper, a gearless traction elevator would be most appropriate due to it’s 500 to 1,200 ft/min movement speed, long life, and smooth ride.
270
What is the best elevator for a mid rise building?
Geared traction elevators move slower and are much better suited for mid-rise buildings.
271
How far can a hydraulic elevator travel?
30-60 ft
272
What is a LULA
a Limited Use/ Limited Application elevator. It is a hybrid between a full-size commercial elevator and a wheelchair lift. It is intended to provide accessibility in low-rise buildings.
273
What is the most severe flame spread rating?
C
274
What is the least severe flame spread rating?
A
275
What are 3 strategies to address reentrant corners in designing a building mass?
In general there are two basic solutions to addressing reentrant corners: strengthening the corners and separating the building into less complex geometries. Using seismic joints effectively separates the building into separate geometries. Stronger connections and splayed (or chamfered) corners strengthen the corners.
276
Which of these plastic pipes are flexible: ABS, CPVC, PEX-AL-PEX, PE, PP, PVC?
PEX-AL-PEX, PE
277
Which of these plastic pipes are not flexible: ABS, CPVC, PEX-AL-PEX, PE, PP, PVC?
ABS, CPVC, PP, PVC
278
What is the minimum flow velocity in a wastewater system?
Grades are sloped to provide a velocity between 2.5 feet per second and 10 feet per second.
279
Fluorescent lighting tends to give off what color light?
blue
280
What floor finish is best for mid/high frequency noises?
carpet/resilient floor tiles
281
What elements of a floor assembly is best for low frequency noises?
suspended ceilings and floated floors
282
what metal can be used in saltwater/marine environment
stainless steel
283
What metals can be paired with aluminum?
Use with galvanized steel
Do not use with brass, stainless steel (water stains, carbon steel (mild steel),
284
When do you use mastic vs thinset for tile application?
mastic dries quickly for a no sag application of tile
thinset is a cement product, always used for floor tiles
285
What is the Balance Point Temperature?
the outdoor temperature at which a building makes a transition from a heating need to a cooling need
If outside is colder = heating
If outside is higher = cooling
286
Elements of a passive thermal building
1. south facing window
2. conditioned space
3. well insulated and sealed windows
4. thermal mass
287
Economizer cycle
Economizers typically operate at night when the outdoor air is cooler than the indoor air in a process known as “free cooling”. Economizers mix enough outdoor air into the indoor air in order to meet the thermostat setpoint without using the compressor.
288
What happens when a building or facade has negative air pressure?
water is sucked in through building skin
289
energy recovery ventilator
stale hot air crosses over with cold fresh air in the heat exchange cone
save money on utility bills
290
VAV HVAC system
Central fan coil unit that distributes air throughout zones. Heat source is located at supply
291
Graphics for supply and return (hvac?)
X = supply, / = return
292
What 3 types of insulation is used for sound absorption?
1. mineral wool
2. fiberglass
3. rock wool
293
What is the delineation for S-DRY vs S-GRN?
S-DRY = MC of 19% or less
S-GRN = MC of 19% or more
294
What types of wood are used for framing?
pine, spruce, hemlock (softwoods)
295
What is plumbing wall cavity min width?
back to back = 16"
one side = 12"
296
What are the graphics for plumbing supply and return?
supply = dash dot dot dash
return = dash dot dot dot dash
297
When do you use a swamp & ejector pump?
a pump for when water is below grade
298
What is the voltage of a US outlet?
120V
299
What path does electricity take from power line to ground?
power line - transformer - electrical (main distribution) panel - appliance - ground (neutral wire ties into ground at transformer and after appliance)
300
What are the two types of smoke detetors?
ionization - detect at early stage, very sensitive (not for kitchens)
photoelectric - detects combustion
301
Fire alarm control panels connect to which systems
alarm horn, calls fire department, duct smoke dampers, elevator systems, hold-open doors, wet pipe sprinkler system
302
What goes into a parapet assembly (outside to inside)?
metal coping, flashing, membrane, insulation, air/vapor barrier, structure
303
What is the beam depth formula?
1/20 x span = depth
304
What is the decking depth formula?
1/40 x span = depth
305
What is the decking depth formula?
1/4 x span = depth
306
What is the rectangular truss depth formula?
1/8 x span = depth
307
Air to water system
fan over condenser, pumped water over evaporator - heat moves through air, cooling moves through water
308
construction type I & II
noncombustible, allowing for bigger buildings but more restrictions on usage of materials
309
construction type III
noncombustible exterior walls and interior building elements of any material allowed by code
310
construction type IV
Heavy Timber, exterior walls are of noncombustible material and the interior building elements are of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces
311
construction type V
Type V construction is where the structural elements, exterior walls and interior walls are of any material allowed by code, combustible or noncombustible (shorter buildings)
312
A heat pump in a refrigeration loop is used to __________.
Refrigeration is simply the displacement of heating. A heat pump can be used in a refrigeration cycle to bring heat into a space.
313
In veneer masonry construction where should weep holes be placed?
at the level of flashing where the drainage plane is interrupted
at each floor where the structure is attached to the facade, above each window and door, where the masonry meets the foundation
314
A radon level above 400 Bq/m3 is discovered in a building. What are 3 ways of mitigating the radon risk?
Sub-slab depressurization (soil suction) by increasing under-floor ventilation;
Improving the ventilation of the house and avoiding the transport of radon from the basement into living rooms;
Installing a radon sump system in the basement;
Installing a positive pressurization or positive supply ventilation system.
315
What materials can be used as a thermal mass?
concrete
brick
stone
tile
rammed earth
sand
water (or another liquid)
316
What is water pressure from a city main (psi)?
And what is needed for a shower?
50 psi
12 psi
317
What is k factor (relative to sprinklering)?
the rate at which sprinkler heads release water
(higher k factor means more water released at a lower pressure)
318
What is more expensive to construct: CMU wall or steel stud wall?
CMU masonry
319
When should you use raked or stripped mortar joints? Why?
Interior applications because they do not shed water
320
How far does a fire wall have to span?
From foundation to 30" above roof
321
How many risers before you need a landing?
12
322
What is the difference between a smoke barrier and a smoke partition?
Smoke partitions do not resist fire, whereas smoke barriers do.
323
What is a cold joint?
when a concrete slab is too large to be completed in a single concrete pour
324
What is a construction joint?
used where two separate placements of concrete meet and where reinforcement may be continuous.
325
What is a control joint?
tooled, sawed, or formed grooves in the concrete to create weak points where cracking can occur.
326
What is an isolation joint?
used where adjacent areas of concrete may move in three directions and where the formation of cracks is to be avoided.
327
What order should systems be laid out in a plenum from top to bottom?
Structure
HVAC equipment & ducts
Plumbing
Luminaires
328
Which type construction has the highest fire rating? And how long is it?
Type 1A, 3 hours
329
When do you use an anchor hinge?
heavy and frequent use
330
When do you use a swing clear hinge?
when you need max clearance
331
When do you use a detention hinge?
heavyweight for cells and steel doors of prisons
332
When do you use a spring hinge?
when you want a door to be self closing
333
List cathodes.
Gold, Silver, Stainless Steel, Copper, Brass, Titanium, Tin
334
List anodes.
Mild steel, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, iron
335
What is a SW brick?
severe weather
336
Describe a wall assembly outside to inside.
(1) exterior cladding (for instance, brick)
(2) airspace
(3) exterior-grade insulation (for instance, XPS)
(4) a single layer (often fluid-applied) that provides rain/air/vapor control
(5) sheathing (OSB or exterior-rated gyp)
(6) an uninsulated cavity with pipes and conduit and ducts as necessary
(7) interior finish (for instance, interior rated gyp).
337
Do you want the building period and ground period to match up or not?
No
This matching of both periods creates resonance. Resonance is the increase in acceleration of a vibrating object due to a harmony of periods.
338
Does clay have a long, medium, or short period?
long
339
Does sand have a long, medium, or short period?
intermediate
340
Does rock have a long, medium, or short period?
short
341
Do high-rises have a long, medium, or short period?
long
342
Do mid-rises have a long, medium, or short period?
medium
343
Do low-rises have a long, medium, or short period?
short
344
What is a proprietary spec?
specific to a particular company
- unique to a particular company or manufacturer. They often include specific requirements, materials, or technologies that are exclusive to that company's products.
345
What is a reference spec?
industry standards or benchmarks
- serve as a standard or benchmark against which other products or designs can be compared.
- often established by industry organizations, government agencies, or recognized standards bodies.
346
What is a performance spec?
define the desired functionality or capabilities of a product or system
- define the functional requirements and capabilities of a product or system.
-used in contracts and procurement processes to ensure that suppliers deliver products that meet the required performance standards.
347
What is a static pressure system?
- water is supplied to buildings or properties from a municipal water supply or a well
- the system relies on the pressure exerted by the water source, such as gravity or a pump, to maintain a consistent pressure in the water distribution network.
- water flows through pipes and fixtures due to the pressure differential created by the elevation or pressure of the water source.
348
What is a hydraulic pressure system?
- utilizes pumps to pressurize the water supply and maintain consistent pressure throughout the distribution network
- pumps are typically installed at water treatment plants or pumping stations to boost water pressure before it enters the distribution network
- commonly used in areas where the natural water pressure is insufficient to meet demand or where elevation changes require additional pressure.
349
What is an ionization smoke detector?
ionization smoke detector contains a small bit of radioactive material that sits between two plates with electrical charges; the charge ionizes the air and causes a current to move between the plates. If smoke enters this chamber, the ion flow is disrupted and the alarm sounds.
more responsive to flaming fires
350
What is a photoelectric smoke detector?
Photoelectric-type alarms aim a light source into a sensing chamber at an angle away from the sensor. Smoke enters the chamber, reflecting light onto the light sensor; triggering the alarm.
more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering (called “smoldering fires”)
351
Are the top chords of a truss in tension or compression?
compression
352
Are the bottom chords of a truss in tension or compression?
tension
353
Are the vertical chords of a truss in tension or compression?
compression
354
List ferrous metals.
Iron
Cast iron
Steel
355
List non-ferrous metals.
Aluminum
Copper
Brass
Bronze
Lead
Zinc
Tin
Nickel
Titanium
Gold
Silver
356
What is the size of the average parking space?
9' x 20'
357
What is the size of a drive aisle?
20' - 24'
358
How many sf per space should you assume when estimating the overall area of a parking lot?
300 - 350 sf per space
359
What is the max distance a handicap spot could be from the entrance?
200'
360
What angle of parking is most economical?
90 degree
but they are hardest to maneuver
361
How does a two pipe HVAC system work?
only heating or cooling, not both
separate supply and return to each fan coil unit so each on gets hot or chilled water
362
How does a four pipe HVAC system work?
both heating and cooling are available at the same time
363
What are the maintenance needs for a fibrous air filter?
for dust, must be replaced
364
What are the maintenance needs for a electrostatic air filter?
for dust, must be wiped down
365
What are activated charcoal filters for?
odors or chemical
366
How do all plumbing drains flow?
either vertically or nearly horizontally (1% - 4%)
367
What is greywater?
wastewater that does not contain food waste or human waste. it can be captured and stored for irrigation use
368
What does a swamp and ejector pump do?
for carrying wastewater generated in the basement upward
369
What is a capped air chamber?
a vertical pipe that is capped at the top and filled with air to prevent water hammer and regulate pressure
370
What is a shock arrestor?
a device that absorbs the shock when water flow in a piping system suddenly stops or changes direction
prevents water hammer
371
Describe the friction and thermal expansion of metal piping.
has more friction (bad)
but less thermal expansion (good)
372
What is a catch basin?
in the ground, below grates, to temporarily collect rainwater runoff
373
Which is more efficient between monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels?
monocrystalline
they are more expensive
374
What size clear space is needed in front of electrical equipment?
3' in front of it
6' high
375
What does the number of poles in a switch refer to?
the number of separate circuits that the switch controls
376
What does the throw count of a switch refer to?
how many positions (other than off) each switch has
377
Does low or high frequency sound move through walls easier?
Low-frequency sound more easily moves through walls,
more readily bends around corners, builds up in corners of rooms
378
What is the measure of absorption?
sabins
379
What is the coefficient of utilization? (lighting related)
the fraction of light that reaches the work plane due to losses from absorption into surfaces
380
What is the light loss factor?
the fraction of light that reaches the work plane due to losses from dirt and depreciation in the
lamp and fixture
381
What's the max slope for a green roof?
8" / 12"
66%
382
Is hardwood from deciduous or coniferous?
deciduous
383
Is softwood from deciduous or coniferous?
coniferous
384
What does a flag on a welding symbol mean?
weld to be executed in the field
385
What is a bearing type bolt?
tightened to snug fit
386
What is a slip critical bolt
have large tension forces in the bolt
387
What is a K series steel joist?
most common, spans up to 60 ft
388
What is a LH series steel joist?
longer span
389
What is a DLH series steel joist?
“deep longspan” spans the longest
390
What are shear studs?
small vertical steel elements that help attach the steel pan to the concrete floor poured above it
391
How long does it take concrete to set and cure?
set: 24 hours
cure: 28 days
392
Where do bottom bars go in concrete?
midspan to resist bending
393
Which two mortar joints are acceptable for outdoors?
vee and concave
394
What is a good stone for underground?
granite
395
Which stones do poorly in polluted air?
limestone and marble
396
What does a higher number on the Mohs hardness scale mean?
harder stone
397
Between aluminum, vinyl, fiberglass, and wood windows, which expand the most and least?
vinyl expands the most
wood expands the least
398
Between aluminum, vinyl, fiberglass, and wood windows, which conduct the most and least heat?
Aluminum windows conduct the most heat (don’t want that)
fiberglass windows conduct the least heat.
399
How are long slender columns most likely to fail?
buckling
400
What is a standpipe?
like fire hydrants inside the building (often in stairwell) or on the building (often protruding from the exterior
wall). Made from cast iron, type K copper, or steel.
401
What do 4 hour walls and 3 hour doors separate?
separate connected buildings
402
What do 2 hour walls and 1.5 hour doors separate?
stairwells and elevator shafts from the rest of the building
403
What do 1 hour walls and 1 hour doors separate?
different occupancies within a building
404
What is net area?
is the tenant work area: everything except corridors, lobbies, elevators, mechanical rooms, shafts, wall thickness, bathrooms and stairs
405
What is gross area?
everything
406
What is net-to-gross?
a measure of efficiency that the owner cares deeply about
407
What is rentable area?
everything except the elevators and stairs
408
What is usable area?
everything but the lobbies, elevators, bathrooms and stairs
409
What is the grossing factor?
rentable/usable
410
Where is wind energy transfer from a shear wall?
foundation
411
A building's occupancy group can be found where?
Building code
412
A 10% undervoltage would do what to fluorescent lighting?
a poor start time and reduced output.
413
Where should interior fire partitions extend to?
Per IBC 708.4 Continuity, fire partitions shall extend from the top of the foundation or floor/ceiling assembly below to the underside of the floor or roof sheathing, slab or deck above or to the fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly above, and shall be securely attached thereto.
414
Where can you find fire ratings for walls in a building?
building code
415
What's the difference between detention basin and retention basin?
Retention basins hold water for an indefinite amount of time where detention basins retain water only during storms
416
What is directly proportional to the amount of deflection?
moment of inertia
417
How does stack ventilation?
In the stack effect warm inside air is pushed up and out of the building by air entering from the outside low points. The cooler outdoor air pushes the hot air up into the stack.
418
What are the 3 common wood classifications? And what do they mean?
dressed, rough, and worked
Dressed lumber is surfaced by a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size.
Rough lumber is not dressed surfaced but sawed, edged, and trimmed to the extent that saw marks show in the wood on the four longitudinal surfaces of each piece for its overall length.
Worked lumber is dressed and also matched, shiplapped, or patterned.
419
Which types of weatherstripping are most common? (5)
interlocking metal
felt
foam rubber
rolled vinyl
spring metal
420
Which hold open doors close when the fire alarm is triggered?
Exist doors leading to the exit stair shaft on all floors
421
