PA - Overall Set Flashcards

Question

What is the GA?

Answer 1

Gypsum Association

Answer 2

American Concrete Institute

Answer 3

American Iron and Steel Institute

Answer 4

American Institute of Steel Construction

Answer 5

American Institute of Timber Construction

Answer 6

American National Standards Institute Does not develop or write standards Approves standards developed by other organizations

Answer 7

Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) performs tests for the standards

Answer 8

UL labels: Listed Label - successfully tested and passed tests Classified Label - product was tested for certain types of uses only, and must carry a statement specifying the conditions that were tested for Tests doors and other kinds of openings for fire protection: UL 10B, Standard for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies

Answer 9

ASTM E119 NFPA 252 NFPA 257

Answer 10

- For wall and floor/ceiling assemblies - A sample assembly is build in the lab and fire is applied to one side Part 1: - Heat transfer through the assembly is measured - How long must the fire be applied before the surface of the other side combusts Part 2: - "hose stream" test - The assembly is exposed to fire for one-half the time determined in the first part of the test - A stream of water is directed at the assembly - Tests the assembly's ability to maintain its integrity during a fire and to withstand impacts (such as from fire hoses and falling debris) and the cooling and eroding effects of the water The assembly is given a time rating (the amount of time it can resist a standard fire test without failing) 1-hour, 2-hour, 3-hour, or 4-hour (Also 0.5 hour and 1.5 hour, but not common) Doors and openings can be given 20-minute, 30-minute, and 45-minute ratings

Answer 11

Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies Similar to ASTM E119, but for doors - UL10B, Standard for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies - UL10C, Standard for Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door Assemblies

Answer 12

Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies

Answer 13

ASTM E84, NFPA 265, NFPA 286, NFPA 289, NFPA 701 These tests determine: Whether a material is flammable, and if so, whether it simply burns with applied heat or supports combustion (adds fuel to the fire) The material's degree of flammability (how fast fire spreads across the material) How much smoke and toxic gas the material produces when ignited

Answer 14

- Steiner tunnel test - Rates the surface burning characteristics of interior finishes and other building materials - Material is given a flame spread index (FSI) from 0 to 100 (glass-reinforced cement board is assigned an FSI of 0, and red oak flooring is assigned an FSI of 100 - it is arbitrary) - Materials are classified into three groups based on their flame-spread characteristics: Class A (I): FSI 0 - 25 Class B (II): FSI 26 - 75 Class C (III): FSI 76 - 200 Class A is most fire resistant Class C is least fire resistant Building codes specify the minimum flame-spread requirements for various occupancies Also used to develop smoke-developed index (SDI), a measure of the concentration of smoke emitted by a material as it burn

Answer 15

Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile or Expanded Vinyl Wall Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls - Room corner test - Alternate to ASTM E84 - For textile interior finishes, sometimes required in addition to or instead of ASTM E84 - Measures the contribution of interior textile wall coverings to room fire growth - Textile is applied to three sides of a room measuring 8ft by 12ft by 8ft high - An ignition source provides heat output of 40kW for five minutes then 150kW for ten minutes - Textile receives a pass if the following conditions are met: - - During the 40kW exposure, flame does not spread to the ceiling - - During the 150kW exposure, there is no flashover and no spread of flame to the outer extremities of the 8ft by 12ft wall

Answer 16

Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth Evaluates materials other than textiles Measures factors such as heat and smoke released, combustion products released, potential for fire spread beyond the room

Answer 17

Standard Method of Fire Test for Individual Fuel Packages Determines the fire response of an individual fuel package in a room when exposed to various ignition sources Three types of fuel packages are covered: - Single decorative objects - Exhibit booths - Theater and motion picture stage sets Appropriate for testing materials that are exposed to air on both sides

Answer 18

What a parcel of land may be used for How much of the land may be covered with buildings How large the structures may be How far the buildings must be set back from property lines How much parking and loading space must be provided

Answer 19

- the right to use another's land for a specific purpose, or to prevent the land's owner from using it for a specific purpose - legal instrument and recorded

Answer 20

- allows a utility company to enter the property to install and maintain utility lines above or below the ground within the boundaries of the easement - no permanent structures can be erected within the easement without the utility company's consent

Answer 21

if a parcel of land is not served by a public road, an access easement may be granted that gives the landowner and the public the right to cross an adjacent property

Answer 22

for the construction of common party walls between properties

Answer 23

allow two or more property owners to share a common feature such as a driveway

Answer 24

- protect views and development in scenic areas

Answer 25

A conservation easement is a voluntary, legal agreement that protects the natural resources of a parcel of land by restricting future land use and/or development on the property "in perpetuity" (permanently).

Answer 26

Right-of-way - the legal right of one party or the public to traverse land belonging to another Often refers to the public land used for streets and sidewalks

Answer 27

a deed to a property that contains a provision that restricts the use of the property by the buyer - Legal and enforceable if they are reasonable and in the public interest - Often used in residential subdivisions to maintain a desired uniformity of appearance

Answer 28

- requires a buyer to perform a specific duty in the future (ex. Construct and maintain a fence)

Answer 29

- permits the title to the property to revert to the original owner if the restrictions prescribed in the deed are not followed

Answer 30

d - Vertical distance between contours (ft) G - Slope of land (%) L - Horizontal distance between points of a slope (ft)

Answer 31

Orientation of the building to control solar heat gain and heat loss Location of outdoor spaces and activities Location of building entries

Answer 32

angle above the horizon

Answer 33

angle north or south from an east-west line

Answer 34

facing south or slightly east/west of south

Answer 35

block the higher summer sun while letting in the lower winter sun

Answer 36

On east and west facades, vertical sun baffles are more effective than overhangs (because summer sun is lower in the morning and afternoon, when it would be hitting these sides)

Answer 37

take advantage of wind and cooling breeze

Answer 38

all of Canada, the northern part of the middle US, and the mountainous regions of Wyoming and Colorado

Answer 39

- includes most of the middle latitudes of the US, including the northwest and northeast areas of the country

Answer 40

includes the southeastern parts of the country

Answer 41

stretches from Southern California across the desert southwest to portions of southern Texas

Answer 42

- Minimize exposed surface area to reduce heat loss - Minimize northern exposure and northern door and window openings - Air locks on entries - Use building design and landscape to block winter winds - Use compact forms - Large windows face south, small windows east and west, and minimal or no windows north - Use interior materials with high thermal mass - Summer shading for glazed areas - Dark or medium-dark exterior colors

Answer 43

- Minimize northern exposure - Block winter winds - Maximize southern exposure - Shade southern façade with deciduous trees, awnings, etc. to protect from summer heat gain - Provide nighttime ventilation - Solar heating (passive and active) works well in locations without excessive cloud cover - Plan rectangular buildings with the long direction oriented generally along the east-west axis and facing slighting east - Provide shade in the summer and allow sun to fall on glazing/building in the winter - Use south-facing openings to capture winter sun - Plan to use the cooling wind in the summer and block it in the winter - Medium colors for building exterior

Answer 44

- Maximize amount of natural ventilation - Shade - Minimize thermal mass - Light colors for building exterior

Answer 45

- Shade - High thermal mass to store heat to release at night and cool during the day - Pools can help to cool through evaporation - Compact forms with small surface areas - Minimize opening sizes - Light colors for building exterior

Answer 46

- Orient the long axis of the building east-west so that southern collection surfaces face within approximately 15° of true south - Integrate with daylighting design - Thermal mass - Plant deciduous trees to let sunlight fall on windows during the winter and shade windows in the summer - - Deciduous or evergreen trees on east and west to block the low angle of morning and afternoon sun

Answer 47

- Passive solar cooling - shading, natural ventilation, radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, ground coupling - Radiative cooling - uses thermal mass to store heat during the day and release heat to the outside at night - Ground coupling - uses the stable coolness of the earth to cool a building, typically using ground-source heat pumps - Use trees and other landscaping to shade windows, unless solar radiation is needed for daylighting or passive or active solar heating - Used fixed shading devices (horizontal on south, vertical on east/west) - Minimize glazing on east and west facades - Use water elements and wind for evaporative cooling - Use light colored or reflective materials to minimize radiant heat gains - Limit the use of paving - Take advantage of prevailing winds and natural ventilation strategies

Answer 48

Large surfaces needed for mounting - large, flat roofs or sloped surfaces will optimize exposure to the sun Can be integrated with other building materials such as glass and roofing shingles (façade-integrated photovoltaics or building-integrated photovoltaics)

Answer 49

- Can be unsightly unless place on sloped roofs or are concealed with parapets - Position solar collectors so they are not shaded by adjacent buildings and trees - Position solar collectors so they do not reflect sunlight onto other buildings or occupied areas

Answer 50

Meridians (Guide Meridians) - north-south lines Principal Meridians and Base Parallels - the meridians and parallels that serve as the basis for the grid layout Parallels and meridians are 24 miles apart The squares they form are called checks Checks are divided into 16 townships (6 miles on each side) Rows of townships running east west is a township Rows of townships north south is a range

Answer 51

- Moving, removing, or hauling earth in costs money - Excavating and building on steep slopes is more expensive than on gentle slopes - Excessive modification of the land affects drainage patterns (runoff that originates on the site must be managed on the site and not allowed to flow onto adjacent sites) - Large changes in elevations can require retaining walls, which add cost - Large amounts of cutting may damage existing tree roots

Answer 52

Orienting the building to be parallel to the contours

Answer 53

Contours Property boundaries Easements Existing buildings Utility poles Roads Trees/natural features

Answer 54

G = (d/L) x 100 where d = vertical distance and L = horizontal distance

Answer 55

the fraction of total precipitation that is not absorbed into the ground extensive site development will increase this number

Answer 56

Construct a silt fence (a temporary fence designed to allow water to pass through while filtering out sediment and allowing the sediment to settle) If runoff is greater than the capacity of the natural or artificial drainage, holding ponds must be constructed to temporarily collect site runoff

Answer 57

Gravel: particles over 2 mm in diameter Sand: particles from 0.05 mm to 2 mm in diameter; the finest grains just visible to the eye Silt: particles from 0.002 mm to 0.05 mm in diameter; the grains are invisible but can be felt as smooth Clay: particles under 0.002 mm in diameter; smooth and floury when dry, plastic and sticky when wet

Answer 58

excellent for construction loads, drainage, and sewage drain fields unsuitable for landscaping

Answer 59

is stable when dry or damp but unstable when wet Generally must extend foundations and road bases below

Answer 60

expands when wet and is subject to slippage Poor for foundations unless kept dry Poor for landscaping and unsuitable for sewage drain fields (retains water and drains slowly)

Answer 61

excellent for landscaping but unsuitable for building foundations and road bases Usually removed from site and replaced with sand and gravels for foundations and road

Answer 62

EDM - Laser-based instrument with an onboard computer to measure the distance, horizontal angle, and vertical angle of a laser beam to a reflective prism target - Need two people to operate - Accurate to 1/64" at 1600 ft - can include: - Rectified photography - Orthophotography - Photogrammetry - Laser scanning

Answer 63

- Uses a digital camera to photograph facades - Focal plane is set parallel to the façade and gives no perspective distortion - Measured points are used to remove distortion and scale the image - Dimensions can then be scaled off the photo - Makes it possible to scale elements not readily accessible for hand measuring

Answer 64

Similar to rectified photography, but uses digital photography and computer software to correct for optical distortion

Answer 65

Photogrammetry The surveying of objects or spaces through the use of photography and associated software Stereophotogrammetry: Uses two overlapping photos in a computer program to produce a digital stereo image Stereo image can be used to make an accurate 3D drawing Requires specialized equipment and training Convergent Photogrammetry: Uses multiple photographic images of an object taken at different angles Measurements and 3D models are derived with the use of software that traces the overlapping photographs Reference points must be established for the software to scale off Slower than laser scanning but less expensive Accuracy of about 0.05%

Answer 66

Uses medium-range pulsing laser beams that systemically sweep over an object or space to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of points on the surface being scanned Creates a "point cloud" that forms a 3D image From the 3D the computer software can create plans, elevations, sections, and 3D models No surveyed reference points are needed Accuracy ranging from 0.05% to 0.01% (or better)

Answer 67

Building codes Zoning restrictions Easements Deed restrictions Covenants Historic preservation rules Energy conservation codes Local agency regulations

Answer 68

Preservation Rehabilitation Restoration Reconstruction

Answer 69

Attempts to retain all historic fabric through conservation, maintenance, and repair

Answer 70

Emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but gives more latitude to replacement, typically because the property is more deteriorated before work begins

Answer 71

Focuses on the retention of materials from the most significant time in a property's history, while permitting the removal of materials from other periods

Answer 72

The least historically accurate approach Allows the opportunity to re-create a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object in new materials

Answer 73

Function Relates to the people and activities within the space or building and their relationships Form Relates to the site, the physical and psychological environment of the building, and the quality of construction Economy Concerns money: the initial costs, operating costs, and life-cycle costs Time Concerns the past, present, and future as they affect the other three considerations

Answer 74

Net Area - does not include space for general circulation, mechanical rooms, stairways, elevator and mechanical shafts, electrical rooms, wall and structural thickness, etc. Also referred to as Net Assignable Area Secondary spaces would be Nonassignable Areas (or unassigned/unassignable areas)

Answer 75

Net Area + Unassigned Area = Gross Building Area

Answer 76

Ratio of net area to gross area is efficiency Also called efficiency ratio or net-to-gross ratio Often range from 60% to 80%

Answer 77

Building Owners and Managers Association International (BOMA International)

Answer 78

BOMA measures the occupant area to the inside, finished surfaces of multi-occupant corridor partitions and to the centerlines if demising partitions (partitions separating adjacent tenant spaces)

Answer 79

For measurements taken at an exterior wall: If 50% or more of the area of the external wall is glass, the occupant area is measured to the inside face of the glass Otherwise, the occupant area is measured to the inside face of the exterior wall

Answer 80

Used for speculative or for-profit projects Lists the expected income the project will generate as well as the expected costs to build the project Selling or renting price per SF is calculated

Answer 81

Construction cost Site acquisition Site development Fees Financing Building Cost The money needed to construct the building (including structure, exterior cladding, finishes, electrical/mechanical systems, contractor's overhead and profit) Site Development Costs (Parking, drives, fences, landscaping, exterior lighting, irrigation systems) Furniture, Fixtures, and Equipment (FF&E) (Architectural and engineering fees, as well as costs for topographic surveys, soil tests, special consultants, appraisals, and legal consultation) Inflation Contingency (often 5-10%) Financing Debt Service (Not included in the project budget because it is an ongoing cost to the owner) Moving

Answer 82

Project Comparison Method Area Method (Square Foot or Volume Method) Assembly Method (System Method)

Answer 83

Cost of the new project is estimated using the costs of past projects of similar scope and function Typically accurate within 15-25% Three budgets are usually developed: low, midrange, high

Answer 84

also called Square-Foot Method or Volume Method Usually prepared when preliminary design is complete and the architect has a fairly good idea of the size of the project, its function, and general level of quality or complexity Average cost per unit of area or volume is used Type and extent of site development needed are also known Typically accurate within 5-15%

Answer 85

Used more during the schematic phase Budgeting based on major subsystems Values found for low, average, and high quality construction can be found from costs databases and published estimating manuals Typically about 10% accurate

Answer 86

Location, local market conditions, potential for generating profit

Answer 87

land that is not used to its "highest and best use" (what will yield the highest return on investment)

Answer 88

Market Approach - What did similar properties in the surrounding neighborhood/region sell for/are listed for? Income Approach - Value of the land is calculated based on the potential the property has to yield a profit - Potential gross income is estimated and expenses are deducted Cost Approach - Value of the land is estimated at its highest and best use - Cost to replace the building or add improvements is calculated - Estimated accrued depreciation is figured and subtracted from the replacement cost/improvement cost - The adjusted amount is then added to the land value to give the total value of the property

Answer 89

Any tax that is imposed for a specific purpose or by a single-purpose authority Requires a majority vote of the people of the district

Answer 90

Issues by a city or state and backed by general tax revenue and the issuer's credit Typically used to finance the acquisition or construction of specific public capital facilities (schools, museums, libraries), and to purchase real property Jurisdiction issuing the bond has the authority to levy a property tax to repay the bond, usually over 10-30 years Requires majority vote of the people

Answer 91

Revenue Bonds or Rate-Supported Bonds Similar to general obligation bonds Revenue bonds are backed by the revenue that will come from customers who use the services that the bonds funded

Answer 92

Public Enterprise Revenue Bonds Bonds issued by cities or counties to finance facilities for revenue producing public enterprises Bonds are paid off from revenues generated by the facilities through the charges they impose Airports, parking garages, hospitals

Answer 93

Tax-Increment Financing Used by a city to pay for improvements that will encourage private development in an area generate increased taxes due to increased property values City creates a special district and makes public improvements within that district Dose not require a vote by the people in the district

Answer 94

Development Impact Fees Imposed on developers in order to pay for the improvements to off-site infrastructure (roads, utilities, fire and police departments) that the new development makes necessary Exactions - hookup fees for utility service Controversial - where does the money go?

Answer 95

Similar to development fees in that they put a burden on the development, but subdivision exactions are not used to fund construction Requirements that developers either dedicate some land for public use or contribute cash for the purchase of land and facilities by local governments

Answer 96

Used to fund public space improvements (parks and streetscapes) Increases and area's appeal, and therefore property values A special tax district is established that encompasses the properties that will benefit from the proposed improvements Majority of property owners in the area must agree Not intended to encourage private development

Answer 97

Used to purchase property Borrower grants the lender a lien on the property until the loan is repaid Most common way people purchase home

Answer 98

Often used to fund the purchase of a large piece of real estate that the borrower intends to subdivide and resell as smaller parcels

Answer 99

A type of debt security issued by a government entity to raise money for a construction project Issuer of the bond receives money from the buyer, and in exchange the issuer promises to repay the principal with interest on a later date Typically sold to individual investors and investment companies

Answer 100

A short-term loan used to purchase property or finance a project quickly, before long-term financing can be arranged

Answer 101

Used to finance the building of a project and is in effect only for the duration of construction Once construction is complete, the loan must be converted into a long-term, permanent loan

Answer 102

A relatively short-term loan used when there is a distressed financial situation such as foreclosure, bankruptcy, or nonpayment of a previous loan Based on the quick-sale value (usually significantly less than market value) of an asset such as a parcel of land or other real estate High interest rates

Answer 103

Secured by collateral in the stock of the development company rather than in the developed property In the event of default, the lender can seize the assets of the borrower more quickly than with a standard mortgage loan Often used by developers for large projects

Answer 104

Statement or model of all the expected expenses (both initial and long term) of developing a project, compared to the expected income and increase in value of the project Created by the developer in order to determine whether a project is likely to be financially successful

Answer 105

Schematic Design Design Development Construction Document Production Bidding (or Negotiation) Construction Administration

Answer 106

Size and complexity Contractor's ability to manage both their own forces and subcontractors Material delivery times Quality and completeness of the architect's drawings and specs Weather Labor availability and labor disputes New construction vs remodeling Site conditions Architect's construction administration process and skill Lender approvals Agency and governmental approvals

Answer 107

Light, closely spaced members that span between beams or bearing walls and support floors or ceilings Typical sizes are 2x6, 2x8, 2x10, 2x12 Typical spacing is 12in, 16in, 24in on center Typical max span is about 20 ft, could be up to 25 ft

Answer 108

Sheathing spans the top of the joists and prevents twisting or lateral displacement

Answer 109

4in or 6in nominal width Span between girders or bearing walls Spacing of 4, 6, or 8 ft Wood decking on top Max span is 10 ft to 20 ft

Answer 110

Structural members made up of individual pieces of lumber 3/4in or 1-1/2in thick, glued together in the factory Standard widths are 3-1/8in, 5-1/8in, 6-3/4in, and 8-3/4in Typical spans are 15 ft to 60 ft One advantage is their appearance - they are often left exposed

Answer 111

Consists of a top and bottom chord of solid or laminated construction separated by a plywood or oriented strand board web Used in residential and light commercial construction Stronger and stiffer than standard wood joist, with far fewer defects

Answer 112

Wood members connected with metal plates Spans range from 24 ft to 40 ft Depths from 12 in to 36 in Commonly spaced 24 in on center Used in residential and light commercial Allow easy passage of mechanical ductwork through the truss web

Answer 113

Fabricated with plywood panels glued and nailed to solid wood members, usually 2x4 Often used in locations where the depth of the member is not critical and where other types of manufactured beams cannot be brought to the building

Answer 114

Used for floor, roof, or wall construction?

Answer 115

Large members span between vertical supports, and smaller beams are framed into them Girders span shorter distance Beams span longer distance Typical spans are from 25 ft to 40 ft Beams spaced about 8 ft to 10 ft on center Framing covered with steel decking that spans between the beams Concrete topping over the decking

Answer 116

Span between beams or bearing walls Can span up to 60 ft (standard) Up to 96 ft (long-span) Up to 144 ft (deep long-span) Depths of standard members range from 8 in to 30 in, in 2 in increments Long-span joists range from 18 in to 72 in Floor joists are typically 2 ft to 4 ft on center Roof joists are typically 4 ft to 6 ft on center Usually used with steel decking and a concrete topper Well-suited for low rise construction where the overall depth of the floor/ceiling is not critical

Answer 117

Requires formwork and generally takes longer to build than precast buildings Can conform to an almost unlimited variety of shapes, sizes, design intentions, and structural requirements May use mild steel reinforcing, could also be post-tensioned Two types: one way and two way

Answer 118

Slabs and beams transfer loads in one direction only Beam-and Girder System Typical spans 15 ft to 30 ft Economical Easy to form Concrete Joist System Concrete members spaced 24 in or 36 in apart, running in one direction, that frame into larger beams Spans range from 20 ft to 30 ft Depths from 12 in to 24 in Good for light to medium loads with moderate span

Answer 119

Flat Plate Simplest Designed and reinforced to span in both directions directly into the columns System is limited to light loads and short spans to prevent punch through Spans up to 25 ft Depths from 6 in to 12 in Useful where floor-to-floor height must be kept to a minimum Flat Slab Like a flat plate but has a drop panel (increased slab thickness around the columns) to provide greater resistance to punching Can support heavier loads Spans up to 30 ft Waffle Slab Heavier loads at slightly longer spans Spans up to 40 ft Waffles often left exposed

Answer 120

Better quality control Erection is quick Usually prestressed Single Tee and Double Tee are popular A 2 in topping slab is usually poured over the members to provide a uniform, smooth floor finish Unloaded beams have a built in camber due to the tensioned steel Once loaded to camber disappears or is reduced Post-Tensioned Concrete - Stressed after the concrete has been poured and cured - Useful where high strength is required and where it may be too difficult to transport precast members to the job site

Answer 121

Generally limited to bearing walls High compressive strength Weak in tension and bendingHorizontal joint reinforcement generally 16 in on center Vertical reinforcement is accomplished with standard rebar sized and spaced in accordance with the structural requirements Horizontal bars are also used and tied to the vertical bars, and the entire assembly is set in a grouted cavity space

Answer 122

Single Wythe Double Wythe Cavity

Answer 123

Slenderness Ratio The ratio of the wall's unsupported height to its thickness and is an indication of the ability of the wall to resist buckling when a compressive load is applied from above. Flexural Strength Important when the wall is subjected to lateral forces such as from wind Fire-Resistance Rating Depends on both the wall's material and its thickness

Answer 124

Any structural system consisting of two or materials designed to act together to resist loads Reinforced concrete construction Composite steel deck and concrete Concrete slab and beam systems Open-web steel joists with wood chords

Answer 125

Steel does not have many problems Concrete structures are prone to creep Wood structures deform over time due to shrinkage of the wood and long-term deflection

Answer 126

Weight of the envelope, exterior loads (wind), allow for expansion and contraction due to temperature change and slight movements in the frame

Answer 127

Structures comprised of straight members forming a number of triangles with the connections arranged so that the stresses in the members are either in tension or compression Can be used horizontally, vertically, or diagonally Can be field-fabricated or assembled in the factory

Answer 128

May have fixed or hinged supports (usually hinged because it allows arch to remain flexible and avoids high bending stresses) Can be constructed of any material Spans: - 50 ft to 240 ft for wood - 20 ft to 320 ft for concrete - 50 ft to 500 ft for steel

Answer 129

Vertical and horizontal members work as a single structural unit All three members resist vertical and lateral loads together rather than singly Attachment of columns to foundation may be rigid or hinged Single-story rigid frames could be gabled frames

Answer 130

A structural system consisting of trusses in two directions rigidly connected at their intersections Most common type is a triangulated space frame (bottom chord is offset from the top by half a bay, and each is connected with inclined web members) Efficient structures for enclosing large rectangular areas Spans up to 350 ft Span-to-depth ratios of space frames may be from 20:1 to 30:1 Light weight and repetitive members - fabrication and erection time is reduced Structural design is complex

Answer 131

A structure in which the loads are carried in two different directions - In the transverse direction through each plate supported by adjacent plates - In the longitudinal direction with each plate acting as a girder spanning between vertical supports Usually constructed of reinforced concrete from 3 in to 6 in thick - Could also be made of wood or steel Typical longitudinal spans are 30 ft to 100 ft (longer is possible with reinforced concrete)

Answer 132

A structure with a curved surface that resists loads through tension, compression, and shear in the plane of the shell only Theoretically, no bending or moment stresses (makes a thick structure unnecessary - hence the name) Almost always reinforced concrete, 3 in to 6 in thick Can be domes, parabolas, or barrel vaults, or more complicated saddle-shaped hyperbolic paraboloids Domes can span from 40 ft to over 200 ft Hyperbolic paraboloids can space from 30 ft to 160 ft

Answer 133

Comprised of panels made of a sheathing material attached on one or both sides of intermediate web members in such a way that the panel acts as a series of I-beams, with the sheathing being the flange and the intermediate members being the webs Typically made of wood Typically span 12 ft to 35 ft

Answer 134

Most commonly seen in suspension bridges, also used in large stadiums with suspended roofs Similar to arches, in that the loads they support must be resisted by both vertical reactions and horizontal thrust reactions Difference is that the vertical reactions are up and the horizontal thrust reactions are outward Can only resist loads in tension Instable in wind Must be stabilized or stiffened with a heavy infill material, with cables attached to the ground or with a secondary grid of cables either above or below the primary set

Answer 135

Similar to suspension structures in that they can only resist loads in tension Held in place with constant air pressure that is greater than the outside air pressure Simplest inflatable structure is a single membrane anchored continuously at ground level and inflated Double-Skin Inflatable Structure Structure is created by the inflation of a series of voids, like an air mattress No need for an air lock for entry/exit Unstable in the wind Used for temporary enclosures and for large, single-space buildings such as sports arenas

Answer 136

the self weight of a structure

Answer 137

Wind Snow Earthquakes People Furniture Equipment

Answer 138

Greenfield is virgin land. Brown field a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination. Greyfield land is economically obsolescent, outdated, failing, moribund or underused real estate assets or land.

Answer 139

Development of rail networks Population growth after WWII Demand for more space and light

Answer 140

Over-crowding Reduction of open and recreational spaces Emphasis on production in factory towns

Answer 141

early on, civilizations learned that constructing walls could deter nomadic tribes and neighboring villages from attacking them.

Answer 142

The property is built according to applicable codes and that it is suitable to be occupied

Answer 143

Reduced dependence of automobiles Walkable pedestrian friendly streets Mixed-use neighborhoods with civic, institutional and educational buildings

Answer 144

Overcrowding in cities Spread of diseases in cities Threat of fires

Answer 145

A residential design in a cold climate can reduce heat loss by being “compact shapes that reduce overall exposed surface area”.

Answer 146

Strategic centers of interest that people cannot enter and view from the exterior

Answer 147

between 3%-10%.

Answer 148

The ratio of the unsupported height of a wall to its thickness is the slenderness ratio of a wall.

Answer 149

“Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is defined as a multi-disciplinary approach to deterring criminal behaviour through environmental design.

Answer 150

At the center of a city built in a star pattern is an urban core, often a central plaza.

Answer 151

Frost heave Soil type Varying foundation depths Water leaks

Answer 152

Remains flexible and can resist higher bending stresses

Answer 153

A public utility is defined as, “an organization supplying a community with electricity, gas, water, or sewerage.”

Answer 154

Sociofugal arrangements are those where social interaction is discouraged. These arrangements promote seclusion by having seating facing outwards. ex. a row of seats in a bus stop

Answer 155

Reduced social interaction due to our automobile-centered culture Driveways and car parks were busier than normal

Answer 156

Bastions, gate, moat, plaza, radial streets

Answer 157

The property owner continues to use the property in its original fashion "grandfathered in"

Answer 158

satellite pattern

Answer 159

existing paint, drinking water, or existing pipes or plumbing

Answer 160

refers to the overall climate of the region and is reflected in the weather data available from the National Weather Service

Answer 161

prescriptive

Answer 162

an amorphous city with no focus and no scheme of organization

Answer 163

Building Officials & Code Administrators BOCA is a legacy code that has been merged into the IBC but still comes up in standard practice. BOCA stands for the Building Officials and Code Administrators.

Answer 164

An accessible pedestrian space adjacent to or between parking spaces that provides clearances in compliance with building and/or accessibility code.

Answer 165

The ability of a material to halt the spread of fire, heat and hot gases for a set period of time

Answer 166

A Bridge loan

Answer 167

Tony Garnier

Answer 168

Philadelphia

Answer 169

Night time ventilation for hot air Medium-dark colors for the building’s exterior Orientation of the building towards the south

Answer 170

an abstract solution to client’s problems

Answer 171

Encourages pedestrian circulation and park development within the block Limited vehicular access Outgrowth of the new town concept

Answer 172

Extraction/treatment (or pump and treat)

Answer 173

Winter: 62-72° Summer: 65-75° Relative Humidity: 30-60%

Answer 174

A reduction of the selling price of a house due to a visible crack on a non-load bearing wall

Answer 175

Equal to 0.001 inches, it is normally referred to as, a thousandth, or a mil. Different types of barriers and membranes are measured in mils.

Answer 176

What a plot of land can be used for Setbacks of the building from other properties Building size Floor area ratio

Answer 177

The curvilinear traffic pattern would be best to use for a sustainably focused community. This is because a curvilinear system conforms to the topography of the land which minimizes alterations to what is existing.

Answer 178

when designing a project to conform to the zoning ordinance would create undue financial hardship on an Owner

Answer 179

set of regulations on buildings written by an independent group of experts without reference to a specific geographic location

Answer 180

Albedo is a measure of how much light hits a surface and is reflected without being absorbed. Something that appears white reflects most of the light that hits it and has a high albedo, while something that looks dark absorbs most of the light that hits it, indicating a low albedo

Answer 181

high thermal mass

Answer 182

Surveillance, territoriality, real and symbolic barriers

Answer 183

Listed label and Classified label

Answer 184

hot arid and cold

Answer 185

hot humid and temperate

Answer 186

temperate climate to allow for the venting of warm air built up throughout the day

Answer 187

Hydrostatic pressure occurs when the water build-up pressure around the foundation exceeds that of the concrete or block foundation wall leading to water infiltration into below grade spaces.

Answer 188

Bentonite clay is material specifically designed to prevent infiltration due to hydrostatic pressure. It has self-healing capability to ensure protection under pressure.

Answer 189

a district is a two-dimensional area perceived as having some character that distinguishes it from surrounding city

Answer 190

is a focal point or a center of interest that people can enter could be an intersection of two roads, or it could be a public square that people can enter inside of a district

Answer 191

a point of interest that cannot be entered

Answer 192

A PUD (Planned-Unit-Development) is a large parcel of land designed to have mixed uses with a variety of sizes and densities The standards for PUD’s include permitted uses, FAR’s, amount of open space, and parking requirements. They make more efficient uses of the land by growing setback regulations of zoning ordinances by putting similarly grouped occupancies together

Answer 193

5% or 1:20 under that, its a walkway

Answer 194

the contribution of textile room coverings to the growth of a fire

Answer 195

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) ASTM International The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Answer 196

“The American Land Title Association (ALTA), founded in 1907, is the national trade association and voice of the abstract and title insurance industry. ALTA members search, review and insure land titles to protect home buyers and mortgage lenders who invest in real estate.

Answer 197

Core drilling and infra-red testing can be carried out to gauge the condition and composition of an existing roof.

Answer 198

the height of the wall is over 4ft

Answer 199

local streets are intended to give direct access to building sites and are often curvilinear collector streets connect local and arterial

Answer 200

300sf 400sf

Answer 201

Uniform loading of structural elements (stress connections from non-uniform loading– for instance, cantilevers– are weak points in an earthquake) Low, wide buildings (prevents overturning) Equal floor heights (means fewer stress connections) Symmetrical plan shape (minimizes torsion/twisting) Shear walls or bracing at the perimeter (more efficient at resisting torsion/twisting than shear walls in the core) Short spans (less stress on members and more columns provide redundancy if some are lost in an earthquake) Minimize openings in floors and roofs (more efficient diaphragms) Extend shear walls continuously from roof to foundation

Answer 202

cantilevers, irregularly-shaped buildings, re-entrant corners (L- or T- shaped plans)