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Construction Flashcards

1
Q

low slope roof

A

less than 2” per foot or 17% (but above 1/4” per ft)
Relatively slow drainage, small errors resulting in ponding. Membranes must be flawlessly watertight. Water vapor from the building inside or wind from outside can cause blistering, flapping, displaced or cracked membranes, But can cover buildings of any horizontal scale, simpler geometry, can be planted & occupied

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2
Q

Steep roof

A

greater than 2” per foot or 17%
Use gravity to shed water, overlap small units (shakes, shingles, thatching, etc). These smaller units can be easily repaired and replaced, and bend and flex with the roofs expansion and contraction. However they are visible

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2
Q

way to slope the roof

A
  • slope the structure
  • taper the structure
  • tapering the insulation
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3
Q

Topside Roof Vent

A

Allows moisture vapor to escape from beneath the membrane but closes to prevent water or air from entering

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3
Q

low slope roof membranes

A
  • bituminous (made from asphalt, overlapping layers)
  • single-ply (rolled up plastic that we unroll)
  • fluid applied (take a chemical sealant and mop or spray it on)
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3
Q

Emissivity

A

ability for the roof to shed heat, high emissivity roof means it can shed the heat quickly so its cooler

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3
Q

Albedo

A

solar reflectance, high albedo is light color & reflective (we want atleast 65% albedo)

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4
Q

Difference in strength b/w springwood & summer wood

A

Summerwood - grows slower, more strength
Springwood - grows faster, less strength

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5
Q

modulus of elasticity

A

measure of overall strength / stiffness, higher number means stronger

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6
Q

Plain sawn

A

cheaper, more likely to warp, produces less waste

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7
Q

Quarter sawn

A

finer grain (better aesthetics), more dimensionally stable, more expensive

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8
Q

Moisture content (MC)

A

how much moisture is in the wood, the less moisture the greater structural quality
MC = ((Weight when wet - weight when dry)/Weight when dry) * 100
Ex. MC15 = 15% moisture, MC19 = 19% moisture, MC15 is stronger

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9
Q

Wood grades

A

Stud grades - for studs, including load bearing
#1 structural framing - for headers and long spans
Utility grade - for blocking, etc

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10
Q

glue laminated wood

A

layers of dimensional lumber bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives so that all of the grain runs parallel to the longitudinal axis

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11
Q

Cross-laminated timber

A

several layers of kiln-dried lumber boards stacked in alternating directions, bonded with structural adhesives, and pressed to form a solid, straight, rectangular panel

Lightweight yet very strong, with superior acoustic, fire, seismic and thermal performance, CLT is also fast and easy to install, generating almost no waste onsite.

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12
Q

Laminated strand lumber

A

dried and graded wood veneers, strands or flakes that are layered upon one another and bonded together with a moisture-resistant adhesive into large blocks known as billets

(longer strands) not super strong, inexpensive

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13
Q

oriented strand lumber

A

OSL is made from flaked wood strands that have a length-to-thickness ratio of approximately 75. The wood strands used in OSL are shorter than those in LSL. Unlike OSB, the strands in OSL are arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member

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14
Q

Parallel strand lumber

A

Dried and graded wood strands are layered upon one another and bonded together with a moisture-resistant adhesive into large blocks known as billets
In the case of PSL, long strands (longer than those used in LSL) are laid lengthwise in parallel.

strong, heavy, relatively expensive

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15
Q

Wood i-joists

A

dimensional lumber with an OSL board in between, used in floors, roofs, etc

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16
Q

Laminated veneer lumber

A

an engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives
like plywood but thicker

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17
Q

wood plastic composites

A

weather resistant, less likely to shrink and warp more flexible

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18
Q

How to calculate board feet?

A

Board feet = (nominal width (in) x nominal ht (in) x length (ft)) / 12

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19
Q

nominal vs actual

A

1 - 5/4 = -1/4”
2 - 6” = -1/2”
8 - 12 = -3/4”

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20
Q

oriented strand board

A

strongest & stiffest of nonveneered panels
most common in subfloors and exterior sheathing

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21
fiberboard
made from the smallest grain of wood (compared to OSB and particleboard) best for interior uses smoothest surface
22
sheathing rating # / #
roof spacing OC / floor spacing OC ex. 32/16 means spacing of 32” OC for roof and 16” OC for floor
23
Plywood bond classifications
Exterior - for exterior use Exposure 1 - can handle some water, etc, but not meant to be exposed to weather long term (95% of plywood)
24
When do you have to treat wood?
-Wood joists are less than 18” above grade -Wood beams or girders are less than 12” above grade -Plates, sills, or sleepers are in direct contact with masonry or concrete which is in direct contact with the earth -Wood framing members or sheathing are less than 8” from the soil
25
Types of wood treatments:
Creosote - oil based, can’t be painted, very toxic, phased out Pentachlorophenol - oil based, can’t be painted, on telephone poles Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) - phased out in 2004 b/c arsenic Alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) - less toxic, can’t be used with steel fasteners b/c copper, approved for above ground, in ground, and in water Copper boron azole (CBA) - less toxic, can’t be used with steel fasteners b/c copper, approved for above ground, in ground, and in water Micronized copper - powder, more natural looking, less corrosive to other metals Carbon based pti - less corrosive to metal fasteners Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOR) - above ground only, good against termites Sodium borate (SBX) - above ground only, good against termites
26
Decay resistant wood
Very - black locust, red mulberry, osage orange, pacific yew Slightly: cypress, catalpa, cedar, chestnut, white oak, redwood, black walnut
27
Balloon vs platform framing
Balloon - requires fire stopping, Platform - Newer and more common now, shorter lumber, less prone to fire spread, can frame wall horizontally
28
Strategies for drainage @ the foundation
dampproofing / waterproofing Overhangs Drip edges Sloping ground away Gravel fill
29
Rim board or band joist
Sits on top of the header or floor below or foundation Seals the open ends o the joists provides surface for attachment of exterior insulation, cladding, and finish elements Transfers some of the loads to the floor below After the attic, this is the most likely place for insulation gaps & air infiltration
30
Ice guard
a mat under the shingles at the outermost edge of the roof to prevent ice or water from infiltrating the roof construction
31
attic vent ratio
IBC requires min vent area 1/150th of attic footprint or, if theres a vapor barrier, 1/300th
32
Which is stronger, cold rolled or hot rolled steel?
Cold rolled steel is stronger than mild steel
33
How does carbon content affect metal strength / brittleness?
the more a metal has, the stronger but more brittle -cast iron is stronger than wrought iron b/c carbon content
34
depth to span ratio: beam
Beam depth is generally 1/20 the span, width is ⅓ the depth
35
depth to span ratio: girder
Girder depth is 1/15 the span, width is ⅓ the depth
36
depth to span ratio: open web
Open web is 1/20 the span Roofs, lightly loaded floors, or closely spaced can be 1/24 the span
37
depth to span ratio: steel decking
Steel decking depth is 1/40 the span
38
depth to span ratio: triangular steel truss
Triangular steel truss depth is ¼ the span
39
depth to span ratio: rectangular steel truss
Rectangular truss depth is ⅛ the span
40
Type 1 cement
normal
41
Type 1A cement
Normal, air entrained. Tiny bubbles introduced to the concrete and those help with durability (freeze/thaw) and make the concrete more workable, Used for exposed concrete in cold climates
42
Type 2 cement
moderate resistance to sulfates. for coming into contact with groundwater or below grade in sulfate heavy soil.
43
Type 2A cement
moderate sulfate resistance, air entraining
44
Type 3 cement
high early strength concrete. useful for precast concrete, concrete block manufacturing, tilt up concrete, and anywhere we would want to strip the formwork soon after pouring
45
Type 3A cement
high early strength, air entraining
46
Type 4 cement
low heat of hydration. for massive structures like dams where there is so much heat of hydration
47
Type 5 cement
High resistance to sulfate attack
48
aggregate sizing rule of thumb
have the aggregate be less than ¾ the distance between rebar and less than ⅓ the depth of a slab
49
rebar naming convention
Rebar # refers to the 1/8ths of an inch in diameter Ex. #8 rebar is 8/8” or 1” diameter
50
rebar grades
Grade 60 = 60k PSI, most common Also comes in 40 & 75, use 75 for columns
51
rebar overlap
Overlap rebar at the ends by 30x the diameter or use reinforcing bar couplers
52
Prestressed concrete
is substantially "prestressed" (compressed) during production, in a manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service. This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete Pre-tensioned - mostly precast concrete Post-tensioned - mostly cast in place
53
steps to pouring a slab on grade concrete pad
1. Scrape topsoil off to reveal a more stable subsoil. if the subsoil is not stable you need to truck some in 2. At least 4” inches of 1.5” crushed stone to make a capillary break. roll out plastic sheet for moisture barrier 3. Formwork. Edge of metal or wood supported by in-ground stakes 4. Welded wire reinforcing on chairs or bolsters, or concrete brick to prevent rust moving through 5. Pour the slab 6. Scree the slab to make level 7. Keep damp for atleast a week 8. Control joints every 15’
54
Control joint vs isolation joint
Control joint - extend parkway down the depth of the slab and are intended to limit cracking Isolation joint - go all the way clear through the slab, used for expansion/contraction, seismic, vibration/noise isolation, or breaking up the irregular shapes of a building
55
concrete beam depth & width ratio
Width = 3 x height
56
one way slab depth
4” - 20” deep, 1/22 the slab, post tensioned 1/40 the span
57
two way slab depth
5” - 12” deep, 1/30 the span, 1/45 if post tensioned
58
drop panels depth
⅓ the span, ½ slab depth
59
waffle slab depth
3” - 4.5” (plus depth of dome/pan), 1/24 the span, 1/35 if post tension
60
concrete beams depth
1/16 the span, 1/24 if posttension
61
concrete girders depth
1/12 the span, 1/20 if posttension
62
pre-tensioned pre-casts concrete
compressive stresses induced by high-strength steel tendons in a concrete member before loads are applied will balance the tensile stresses imposed in the member during service
63
mortar type M
Highest strength. Use below grade, with high loads, or sever frost
64
mortar type S
exterior reinforced masonry, exterior load bearing masonry, veneers subject to seismic or high wind loads
65
mortar type N
general purpose, balance of workability and strength, non-loadbearing veneers and chimneys, interior load bearing walls
66
mortar type O
interior or non loadbearing uses
67
mortar strength pnemonic device
word “MaSoNwOrK”, every other letter lists them in order of high to low strength
68
modular brick size
3 ⅝ x 2 ¼ x 7 ⅝ , 3 stacks are 8” high
69
utility brick size
3 ⅝ x 3 ⅝ x 11 ⅝, use less mortar, making it stronger and less expensive wall
70
typical mortar height
⅜” is typical mortar height, ranges ¼” - ½”
71
FBA brick
facing brick - more variation insize and chippage (aesthetic reasons) (A nomaly)
72
FBS brick
facing brick - some variation in size and chippage (S tandard)
73
FBX brick
facing brick - more dimensionally uniform and less chippage (X act)
74
paving bricks
used for horizontal surfaces, superior freeze thaw resistance, lower water absorption rates
75
fire brick
superior heat resistance, uses a special fire clay mortar and thinner joints
76
MW brick
weather resistant, for exterior use but only in weather negligible area (M iami brick)
77
NW brick
interior only (N terior brick)
78
SW brick
used for underground applications, acceptable for any climate, toughest brick (S now brick aka best for outside)
79
Modulus of rupture
most important for determining a stones ability to accept metal anchor that hold them to buildings
80
Flexural strength
most important for stone's resistance to wind
81
Compressive strength (stone)
most important for stone in load bearing wall
82
Strap anchors
anchor the mortar to the wall between courses of stone
83
Regular (dense) concrete
stronger, but heavier and poor thermal resistance
84
Lightweight concrete
uses lightweight aggregate, weaker but higher thermal resistance
85
Aerated concrete
admixture creates air bubbles in concrete, even higher thermal resistance but even weaker
86
most common CMU dimensions
8 x 8 x 16 or 7 ⅝” x 7 ⅝” x 15 ⅝”
87
water penetration in masonry
Double wythe concrete block with capillary break Finished with stucco, special paints, or special coatings that provide water resistance Made with water repellent concrete and water repellent mortar Use in arid climates
88
types of water / air / vapor control layer
Peel & stick Liquid applied (spray or rolled on) Building wrap (Tyvek) Only works if lapped, is only for rain or air not both Tar paper Have to be very careful when applying these sealants
89
Window sealing
Can be with self adhered membranes, fluid applied, or pre-manufactured rigid
90
Air barrier materials
Gypsum board, OSB (if sealed properly), house wrap (if taped), plastic membrane, peel and stick membrane, spray more, concrete, glass & metal, roof membrane We want walls with high r value and low u value
91
thermal control
insulation has less thermal bridges when outboard of the structure also shading, radiant barriers, low e, shiny rooms, thermal breaks, thermal mass
92
foam plastic insulation
water tolerant, air impermeable, includes expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene All are used as water vapor and air barrier (need to be taped)
93
expanded polystyrene (EPS)
foam / plastic insulation, cheaper and more easily worked in field, good for underground
94
Extruded polystyrene (XPS)
foam /plastic insulation, more insulation per inch
95
Polyisocyanurate
foam / plastic insulation, cannot be used underground, less flammable
96
Closed cell spray foam (CCSPF)
foam / plastic insulation, continuous, exposed to water for long periods of time, can be used below grade
97
Open cell spray foam
foam / plastic insulation, interior only (no water), not a vapor or water or air barrier, better for noise insulation, less expensive, mold resistant, less insulative per inch than closed cell
98
Glass fiber insulation
Have self supporting and semi-rigid versions for exterior use, cannot be used as an air rain or vapor barrier, can serve as capillary break drainage plane, less expensive than foam, more fire resistant
99
mineral wool insulation
inexpensive, can be used in exterior, can be capillary break drainage plane, fire resistant
100
Classes of vapor retarder
Class 1: less than 0.1 perms - Foil, thick polyethylene sheet, vinyl wallpaper, white boards Class 2: 0.1 - 1.0 perms - Some plywoods, some latex paints, kraft paper, rigid foam insulation Class 3: 1 - 10 perms Greater than 10 perms is vapor permeable
101
where do you place vapor control layer?
Vapor barrier on warm side of insulation Warm climate - outside insulation Cold climate - inside insulation
102
which climate zones need a vapor control layer?
Climate zone 1, 2, 3, 4a, 4b - For above ground framed wall, can get away with no vapor control layer Don’t use class 1 if humid summers Climate zone 4c, 5, 6, 7,8 - Need vapor control on inside of insulation (interior side), use class 1 or 2 - Can use class 3 sheathing in zones 4c or 5 if there is vented exterior cladding and sheathing is greater
103
what will determine the diameter of a long skinny column?
For long and skinny columns that are not placed far apart, the diameter of the column will likely be controlled by buckling rather than the load from above
104
theoretical k value
higher k, more likely to buckle Multiply by column length Works for steel or concrete, recommended design k value is for wood
105
what is shear a function of?
length
106
what is the moment a function of?
length squared
107
what is deflection a function of?
length cubed
108
what typically controls beam size?
bending moment
109
between shear walls, braced frame, and moment resisting frame - what is most and least expensive?
shear wall - least expensive moment resisting frame - most expensive (because you have to put extra bolts on each connection)
110
bending moment formula
M(max bending moment) = (w (load per ft) x L^2)/8
111
max bending stress formula
Fb = M (max bending moment in-lbs)/S (section modulus in^3)
112
what does the section modulus indicate?
how robust is the geometry of the beam
113
max moment formula for a simple beam with uniform load
max = (w x l^2) / 8 (will be given on exam)

ARE 5.0 (16 decks)

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