PPD 1 Flashcards
What is the difference between empathy and to sympathise with someone. Which is more useful for the practitioner in a therapeutic relationship and why?
Empathy- related to knowledge and experience which enables an understanding of a client’s problems. You don’t have to have the same feelings but you must be able to conceptualise them
Sympathy- feeling an emotion, feels for patient which is not needed
Empathy is more useful. Sympathy introverts the client further as it confirms the misery he is in and doesn’t help the client to escape them
Discuss the three important principles for the practitioner as outlined by Carl Rogers. Also referred to as the theory of person-centered therapeutic practice.
- Patient congruence- should be genuine, do not try and wear a make or take on a specific persona
- Unconditional Positive Regard- accepting a person for who they are without negative judgements
- Empathy- practitioner shows an understanding of what the client is talking about
Briefly describe the 4 stages of Kolb’s Reflective Cycle
EXPERIENCE, REVIEW, LEARN, APPLY
Stage 1- Experience: an event happens, it bothers you or intrigues you
Stage 2- Reflective Observation: you set aside time to record the event in writing and think about it. What was running through your mind at the time?
Stage 3- Abstract Conceptualisation: you try and make sense of it- explore it, research it, explain it.
Stage 4- Active Experimentation: you decide what (if anything) needs to be done about it.
What should you record in your Reflective journal for clinic?
- interesting or problematic moments in clinic
- what did you think at this moment
- actions that you need to consider
- does it highlight any need for additional learning?
- identify ways in which you could approach the incident differently next time
- reviewing your journal is helpful in identifying recurring issues
What skill or attitude should be a the heart of your professional development?
Self-directed learning, we are life-long learners
What do you think are the differences between a personal relationship and a therapeutic relationship?
Boundaries are different Focus on empathy and understanding rather than sympathy and feeling To maintain composure Congruence Unconditional positive regard Empathy
What role does empathy play in the therapeutic relationship?
The therapist understands and can conceptualise the client’s feelings without sympathising.
Not to immerse yourself in their experience and have a common human understanding of what they go through.
What are the steps of the reflective cycle?
Experience
Review- thinking about it afterwards
Understand-Trying to make sense of it
Learn- What should you be doing if anything about it
What is meant by structured reflection?
Making an intention to do a reflection on something that may be a little troubling. Reflection that has prompts, questions, activities or organized discussions to help you better understand an issue
Give one example of a follow up question. Using this example, explain why follow up questions are so important in case taking.
How long have you had this?
Follow up questions are important because they provide more detail and clues to identify cause
Name 3 elements of effective communication.
- Asking open questions and managing open and closed questions 2. Not using jargon be clear and straightforward language
- Active listening
- INTENTION willingness to help
- ATTENTION client is listening
- DUPLICATION client understands you
- establish mutual common ground
- use follow up questions
- think in terms of outcomes- what is the intended goal
- demonstrate flexibility
- check regularly for understanding
What is meant by an open question?
They ask the respondent to think and reflect
They will give you opinions and feelings of the client
They hand control of the conversation to the respondent
Name 4 entities that fund medical research
Pharmaceutical and food industry
Universities and medical schools
Hospitals
Charitable bodies
Independent industrial laboratories
You! Taxes, revenue from drug Rx you buy
What are some of the drawbacks of medical research?
External Validity of research
Bias
Confounding factors not fully disclosed (problems with the research themselves)
Conflict of Interest/ Commercial Interest
Unethical conduct of researchers
Name the three categories medical research may fall under
In vitro
In vivo
RCTs- randomised, double-blinded, placebo controlled trials
What term is used to define the best practice in medicine and who first coined this expression.
David Sackett in 1996 used the term Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) which states:
“The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients”.
Unfortunately it has also been used to weaponize and to discredit against other forms of research and natural medicine
Discuss shortcomings of the RCT for Natural Medicine
- RCT does not take into account variables and the patient-centered approach
- cannot deal with complexity, an herb can have entirely different effect in different constitutions
- does not generally replicate a true healing environment
- claims to deliver authoritative answers but is nonetheless not free from bias is observation or interpretation
Definite quantitative and qualitative research. Which is better suited for natural medicine
Quantitiative- empirical research, refers to any research based on something that can be measured
Qualitative- refers to research based on something impossible to accurately measure
Qualitative is better for natural medicine because to encompasses variability and complexity, focuses on the experiences of the patients and practitioners
Name and describe a few other types of research
Case studies Clinical audit Retrospective study Prospective study Systematic Review Literature Review
Skills and resources of research are the following:
Enquiry Problems solving Critical thinking Self reflection Originality
Core principles of good research are the following:
Rigour Integrity Transparency Accountability Repeatability
When is it appropriate to reference from the Internet
- the text you want to use is taken from a journal or book with clearly identifiable authors, publishers and date
- citing from a large organisation like WHO, the NHS or government
- you are using it as an example of something e.g. popular misconceptions affecting the issue you are writing about
Outline a typical structure for a piece of academic writing
Title and author information Abstract Introduction Methodology Review of existing literature Discussion (your take on it) Conclusion References Appendices
Share 5 academic resources available for research
ScienceDirect Google scholar Publisher’s website Abstracts Libraries Online resources Friend at university Write directly to authors
List 4 Herbal publications
- The Journal of Herbal Medicine (UK)
- International Journal of Herbal Medicine (EU)
- The Herbalist (UK)
- Journal of the American Herbalist Guild (USA)
- Herbs, the journal fo the Herb Society (UK)
- Herb Quarterly (USA)
- European Journal of Oriental Medicine (EU)
- Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine (UK & international)
What questions are important to ask when assessing publications?
Funding
Editorial Team background
Peer reviewed?
Who are they written for?
What kind of articles do they publish?
Relevance to professionals?
Biomedical research is governed by strict ethical codes laid down in documents such as:
The World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki
Explain how EBM proposes an unfair critique of other types of research.
Prioritizing EMB over other types of medicine such as evidence such as found in qualitative studies which engage with patients with experiments and case studies examine what actually happened to a real patient with a real physician in a real life situation
Important to approach this type of research with a critical faculties intact
