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Herbal Medicine I > Lecture 13 Plant Taxonomy, Families, Plant Identification > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Plant Taxonomy, Families, Plant Identification Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy- definition, origins, advantages

A

Branch of science concerned with classification esp. organisms

18thC Carolinus Liannaeus (Sweden)
“Systema naturae”

Identification accuracy, more prescription options, scientific names

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2
Q

Give an overview of the Linnaeus System.

A

Explain the 2 kingdoms (plant/ animal) to the classical system of 5 kingdoms
The Linnaeus Classification System:
Rank 1
• All organisms are divided into Kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi etc.)
Rank 2
• Plant (Plantae) kingdom divided into Phyla (tribe)
Rank 3
• Phyla (s. Phylum) divided into Classes
Rank 4
• Classes divided into Natural Orders or Families
Rank 5
• Families divided into Genera (singular Genus means race, kin))
Rank 6
• Genus divided into different Species
Phylum (Pl. Phyla): from Greek Phylon – tribe.
Genus (Pl. Genera): Greek Genos – race, kin (a group with common attribut

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3
Q

Inventor of the binomial, two part Latin name aka scientific name

A

Carolinus Linnaeus

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4
Q

Name organisms in Rank 1: Kingdom classification

A
  • Animals
  • Plants (some species of Algae)
  • Fungi, mushrooms
  • Prokaryotic bacteria (monera)
  • Eukaryotic organism, mostly algae (Protista)
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5
Q

Name 10 Phyla in the plant kingdom

A
  1. Bryophyta (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) most primitive plants, no vascular tissues
  2. Psilophyta (whisk forms)
  3. Lycopodiophyta (club-mosses, spike-mosses, quillworts).
  4. Equisetophyta (horsetails)
  5. Polypodiophyta (true ferns)
  6. Cycadophyta (cycads)
  7. Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)
  8. Gnetophyta (vessel-bearing gymnosperms)
  9. Coniferophyta (conifers
  10. Magnoliaphyta
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6
Q

Define gymnosperms and give 3 examples.

A 
Second primitive grouping of vascular plants. Non-flowering and characterized by presence of naked seeds
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta
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7
Q

Which phyla contain all vascular, flowering plants. What other name is it known by.

A

Magnoliaphyta

Angiosperms (enclosed seeds)

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8
Q

List the four Phyla Divisions that contain all vascular plants that reproduce using spores

A

Psilophyta
Lycopodicophyta
Equisetophyta
Polypodiophyta

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9
Q

What ranks as the dominating phyla and why?

A

Magnoliaphyta
Diverged from gymnosperms 200 million years ago
Flowering attracts pollinating insects providing variety of seed and dispersal mechanisms

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10
Q

What are the two main Plant classes?

A

Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons

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11
Q

How do the seed, leaves, roots, flowers, carpels and stems vary between monocotyledons and dicotyledons?

A

Monocot- one seed leaf, leaf narrow parallel veins, roots adventitious, 1 part, no division between petals and sepals, 3or 6 petals, usually 3 carpels. Stems scattered vascular bundles

Dicots- two weed leaves, leaf broad reticulate veins, tap root with smaller laterals, contains sepals and petals 4 or 5, one to many carpels, stems concentrically arranged bundles

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12
Q

T/F most Angiosperms (flowering plants) are Dicotyledonous

A

T

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13
Q

What are the 3 Classes (Rank 3) of monoctyledonous medicinal plants

A

Poaceae (grasses)

Liliaceae (lily onion garlic)

Iridaceae (Iris)

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14
Q

Discuss the characteristics by which Plant Families (Rank 4) are categorized.

A

Leaf, flower and arrangement of sexual organs.

Similarities in chemical and therapeutic effects

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15
Q

T/F Plant families contain exclusively similar plants

A

F

Some are more mixed

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16
Q

What is the suffix added to the end of the genus name, signifying the name of the family.

A

‘ aceae’

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17
Q

Rank identifying groups of species with a common ancestor but do not interbreed, or if they do they form sterile hybrids.

A

Genus

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18
Q

Define species

A

Group of plants with a number of common characteristics, that can interbreed and have a common ancestor

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19
Q

What can the species name tell us about a plant

A

The species name is normally descriptive and often reveals aspects about the plant’s history, appearance, growing conditions, mythology, medicinal or ritual uses

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20
Q

Officinalis

A

Medicinal, of the pharmacopoeia

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21
Q

Crispus

A

Curled

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22
Q

Purpurea

A

Purple

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23
Q

Lactiflora

A

With milky white flowers

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24
Q

Tricolor

A

Three colours

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25
Q

Millefolium

A

Thousand leaved

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26
Q

Lappa

A

With small burrs

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27
Q

Lanceolata

A

Lance shaped

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28
Q

T/ F Genus may be abbreviated by capital letter if already mentioned

A

T

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29
Q

T/F only plants of the same species can interbreed without losing their characteristics

A

T

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30
Q

Describe three methods of plant variation and how they are named.

A

Variety- natural interbreeding. Name follows species in lower case eg Ziziphus spinoza jujube

‘Cultivar’- deliberate interbreeding, name follows species name has capital letter and is enclosed i single quotation marks eg Solanum tuberosum ‘King Edward’

Hybrids- crosses between different species and sometimes genus. Written with x before the species name. Mentha x piperita is a natural hybrid of spearmint and water mint

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31
Q

Features of the Solanacea Family

A

Nightshade, contain Tropane alkaloids which have analgesic, antispasmodic, and potentially toxic in high doses

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32
Q

How are Asteraceae botanically identified

A

Leaves- alternate or opposite, no stipules, simple or compound or basal rosette

Flower- looks single (capitulum) but in fact is a composite with both ray and disk florets, bi uni or asexual

Sepals- a ring of hairs (dandelion)

Petals- 5 fused

Stamens- 5 fused together forming a tube around style

Ovary- inferior, underneath the flower

Fruit- Achene (a seed that is loosely attached inside a casing) (often with persistent pappus (parachute structure) for wind dispersal)

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33
Q

List 3 plants from the Asteraceae family

A 
Arctium lappa 
Achillea millefolium
Arnica montana 
Silybum marianum
Calendula officinalis
Echinacea purpurea
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34
Q

Describe how plants in the Boraginaceae family (star flower) are botanically identified

A 
Stem- Round
Leaves- simple, alternate no stipule
Flowers- Regular in 5s
Sepals- Long, hairy
Stamens- Attahed to petal wall
Ovary- Superior, 2 carpels
Fruit- 4 nutlets divided into 2 carpels
Others- bristly, contain mucilage
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35
Q

List 3 plants from the Boraginaceae Family

A

Borago officinalis (Borage)

Pulmonaria officinalis (Lungwort)

Symphytum officinalis (comfrey)

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36
Q

Botanical identification of Brassicaceae Family

A

Leaves- alternate, no stipules, simple/ pinnate

Flowers- cross-shaped, arranged in head/ racenes

Sepals- 4

Petals- 4

Stamens- 6 in 2 whorls

Ovary- 2 fused carpels

Fruit- Dry, seeds on central partition (Silique)

Chemistry- Glucosinolates ( break down mucus, block thyroxine synthesis and iodine uptake)

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37
Q

Examples of Brassicaceae Family

A

Amoracia rusticana (Horseradish)

Brassica nigra (Mustard)

Capsella bursa pastoris (Shepherd’s Purse)

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38
Q

Botanical identification of Iridaceae family

A

Monocotyledonous

Roots- bulbs, corms, rhizomes

Leaves- lanceolate, fibrous

Flowers- 6 segments (2 rows of 3) regular or irregular

Sepals- flower bud wrapped in paper-like swathe

Ovary- inferior (3 United carpels)

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39
Q

Examples of Iridaceae family

A

Crocus sativum (Crocus(

Iris versicolor (Blue Flag)

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40
Q

Botanical Identification of the Lamiaceae family (Mint)

A

Stem- square section

Leaves- simple no stipules, glandular hairs, opposite pairs at right angles to pair above

Flowers- irregular and in whorls at each node

Sepals- 5, united in funnel or belll shape

Petals- united usually 2 lipped but often hard to count

Stamens- normally 4 (2 long, 2 short) attached to base of petals

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41
Q

Examples of Lamiaceae family

A

Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)

Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender)

Salvia officinalis (Sage)

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42
Q

Fabaceae Family

Botanical Identification Criteria

A

Leaves- alternate with stipules, compound, trifoliate or pinnate can have tendrils for climbing

Flowers 5 free petals; hermaphrodite. 5 petals, 1 standard, 2 wings, 2 keels

Sepals- 5 fused (enclosing stem and ovary)

Stamens- 10 or more

Ovary- Superior, single

Fruit- Legume

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43
Q

Fabaceae Family examples

A

Astragalus membranaceus (Astragalus root)

Cassia angustifolia (senna pod)

Glycyrrhiza Galbraith (Liquorice root)

Trifolium pratense
(Red clover)

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44
Q

Lilaceae Family Botanical Identification

A

Garlic and Onions, mostly perennial monocotyledonous plants.

Roots- usually bulbs or rhizomes

Leaves- lanceolate, parallel veins, basal rosette

Flowers- usually has 6 segments (often 2 whorls of 3)

Stamens- usually 6 (2 whorls of 3)

Ovary- Superior meaning it is located on top of the flower (3 joined carpels)

Fruit- capsule or berry

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45
Q

Lilaceae Family Examples

A

Allium sativum (garlic)

Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley)

Allium cepa (onion)

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46
Q

Ranunculaceae Family (Buttercup) Botanical Identification

A

Leaves- alternate, no stipules

Sepals- 5 petal-like

Petals- 5 may be reduce to nectarines (honey leaves)

Ovary- usually superior

Fruit- number of achenes, follicles, capsules

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47
Q

Ranunculaceae Family examples

A

Cimicifuga racemose (Black cohosh)

Ranunculus ficaria (Pilewort)

Hydrant is canadensis (Golden Seal)

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48
Q

Rosacea Family Botanical Identification

A

Leaves- alternate, often compound saw-toothed edges

Stipules- adhered to leaf stalk

Flowers- regular, bisexual

Sepals- 5

Petals-5 normally separate (free)

Chemistry- often contain cyanogen in compounds (eg Apricot kernels) can tell by almondy smell

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49
Q

Rosaceae Family Examples

A

Rosa damascena (Damask Rose)

Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn)

Filipendula ulmaria (Meadowsweet)

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50
Q

This plant type has no woody structure and usually dies back in the winter

A

Herb

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51
Q

Completes life cycle from germination to seed production in 1 year

A

Annual

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52
Q

Lives for many years

A

Perennial

53
Q

Completes life cycle in two years

A

Biennial

54
Q

Shrub

A

Perennial with permanent woody stems arising from ground level

55
Q

Perennial with one permanent woody stem (trunk)

A

Tree

56
Q

Retains leaves year round

A

Evergreen

57
Q

Sheds leaves annually in Winter

A

Deciduous

58
Q

High altitude and requiring good drainage, light and cool temperature

A

Alpine

59
Q

Adapted to grow up vertical structures

A

Climbers

60
Q

Adapted to watery conditions

A

Aquatics

61
Q

Low light requirements and preference for hummus rich soils

A

Woodland

62
Q

High light requirements and preference for well drained soils

A

Meadow

63
Q

Moderate light requirements (semi-shad and preference for sheltered positions)

A

Hedgegrow

64
Q

Preference for either full sun or shade and often low water requirements

A

Wall

65
Q

High water requirements

A

Riverbank

66
Q

Preference for very well drained and thin soils

A

Mountain

67
Q

Tolerance of water submergence

A

Wetland

68
Q

Tolerance of low rainfalls

A

Dry

69
Q

Tolerance of saline conditions

A

Coastal

70
Q

Draw the structure of leaf labeling each part

A

Petiole
Lamina
Lateral vein
Midrib

71
Q

A leaf arrangement in a circular pattern at each node is called:

A

Whorl

72
Q

An alternate leaf contains how many leaves per node

A

1

73
Q

This leaf arrangement contains 2 leaves per node

A

Opposite

74
Q

Describe a spiral leaf arrangement

A

Leaves arranged at 90 degree angles from leaf below forming a spiral along the stem

75
Q

Name of simple leaf, elongated with rounded end ‘egg-like’

A

Obovate

76
Q

A simple leaf with elongated pointed ends

A

Elliptic

77
Q

What shape resembles simple cordate leaves

A

Heart

78
Q

Long ‘lance-tip’ like simple leaves

A

Lanceolate

79
Q

Long straight simple leaves are named

A

Linear most likely to be found in monocotyledonous plants

80
Q

Name of kidney shaped simple leave

A

Reniform

81
Q

The simple leaf spatulate is in the shape of a

A

Spoon

82
Q

What are compound leaves

A

Appears to be cluster of separate leaves but are a single leaf comprising leaflets. Identified by a single axillary bud at the node (leaflets have no bud)

83
Q

Compound leaf with leaflets arranged like a feather

A

Pinnate

84
Q

Compound leaf with leaflets arranged in sets of three

A

Trifoliate (red clover)

85
Q

Compound leaf with leaflets arranged like the palm of a hand, with five or seven leaflets

A

Palmate (castor oil plant)

86
Q

Compound leaf with leaflets arranged like the palm of a hand, with five or seven leaflets

A

Palmate (castor oil plant)

87
Q

Name the five ways to identify a plant by Habit (behavior of the plant)

A 
Ascending
Erect
Sprawling
Climbing 
Creemping
88
Q

Leaf edge also called smooth

A

Entire

89
Q

Leaf edge also called undulating

A

Wavy

90
Q

Leaf edge with rounded teeth is called

A

Crenate

91
Q

A deeply lobed leaf edge is called

A

Lobed

92
Q

Leaf edge with small sharp even serrations

A

Saw edged

93
Q

Leaf edge with deep sharp even serrations

A

Toothed

94
Q

Leaf edge with jagged irregular serrations

A

Lacerate

95
Q

Leaf attachment to plant stem on a thin stalk

A

Petiolate

96
Q

Leaf attachment directly to the plant stem

A

Sessile

97
Q

Leaf attachment base wrapped around full diameter of plant stem

A

Sheathed

98
Q

Leaf base attached to part of plant stem

A

Clasping

99
Q

Leaf veins with branching network

A

Reticulate

100
Q

Leaf veins with feather-like arrangement

A

Pinnate

101
Q

Name the 7 types of stems

A 
Round
Square
Grooved
Solid
Hollow
Colored
Marked
102
Q

Draw a flower and label the parts for identification

A 
Regular or irregular
Number of stems
Number of carpals
Ovary superior or inferior
Bisexual or unisexual
103
Q

Flowers attached directly to central shoot without stalks

A

Spike (lavendula officinalis)

104
Q

Flowers attached to central shoot by stalks

A

Raceme

105
Q

Branching flower stalks

A

Panicle

106
Q

Flower stalks same length, originating from one point

A

Umbel

Apiaceae

107
Q

Flower stalks different lengths so that flowers are level

A

Corymb

108
Q

Terminal flower opens first, followed in succession by lateral flowers

A

Cyme

109
Q

Many tiny flowers grouped together, appearing as a single flower

A

Composite

Feature of Asteraceae plants

110
Q

List some special features used in plant identification

A 
Hairy
Sticky
Thorns
Color
Aroma
111
Q

Why should herbalists know the plant classification system?

A

Plant identification, Latin names very accurate

112
Q

List TWO differences between Monocots and Dicots

A

Mono- long straight leaf
Divot- broader veins

Mono- first shoot one leaf
Dicot-two

Mono- adventitious root
Dicot- tap root

113
Q

Why are the Angiosperms important?

A

Magnolia phyla 10th and most successful phylum evolutionary advantage have closed seeds so have to produce a flower. Distribution is advantageous

114
Q

What is the advantage to the herbalist in knowing plant families in detail?

A

Plant families have features and key elements and actions in common and may be interchangeable in their medicinal properties

115
Q

Name TWO plants from the Asteraceae family.

A

Dandelion, burdock, echinacea, marigold

116
Q

Name a plant from the Rosaceae family.

A

Rose, hawthorn, apples, apricots, pears, plums, meadowsweet, lady’s mantle

117
Q

Name THREE things to look for in flowers when using them identify the plant.

A 
Number of petals 
Sepals
Whether petals are fused
If they have stamens
Carpels in the ovary
If the ovary itself is above or below flower (corolla)
118
Q

What does a lanceolate leaf look like?

A

It looks like a lance, its long and thin

119
Q

Last slide which family does each plant belong to?

A
  1. Asteraceae, daisy family
  2. Leaf margin toothed, nettles
  3. fabiaceae, legume fruit
120
Q

Which is true of Dicotyledons:
Select one:
a. they have vascular bundles concentrically in the stem
b. They have xylem and phloem divided in the stem
c. They have vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
d. They have no vascular bundles

A

A

121
Q

Which of the following are all members of the Lamiaceae family:
Select one:
a. Red Clover, Astragalus, Siberian Ginseng
b. Garlic, Ginger, Cayenne
c. Lavender, Sage, Motherwort
d. Burdock, Artichoke, Wormwood

A

C

122
Q 
What kind of habitat does Gravel Root prefer:
Select one:
a. Coastal
b. Wall
c. Riverbank 
d. Mountain
A

C

123
Q

Which is our of Monocotyledons:
Select one:
a. They have two seed leaves, reticulate veins and tap roots
b. They have two seed leaves, six petals and 3 carpels
c. They have one seed leaf, 4 or 5 petals and many carpels
d. They have one seed leaf, parallel veins and adventitious roots

A

D

124
Q 
The Angelica archangelica flower is a good example of:
Select one:
a. An Umbel
b. A panicle
c. A composite
d. A corymb
A

A

125
Q 
A good example of a plant that has Lacerate leaves is:
Select one:
a. Peppermint
b. Plantain 
c. Dandelion
d. Rose
A

C

126
Q 
An Alternate leaf arrangement means:
Select one:
a. Leaves arranged 1 per node 
b. Leaves arranged opposite each other
c. Leaves arranged in clusters
d. Leaves arranged i circular patterns
A

A

127
Q 
The current system of plant Taxonomy was introduced by:
Select one:
a. Nicholas Culpeper
b. Dr John Cristopher
c. Carolus Linnaeus 
d. Samuel Thomson
A

C

128
Q 
Pinnate leaves are:
Select one:
a. Arranged like a palm
b. Arranged in 3’s
c. Arranged in spirals
d. Arranged like a feather
A

D

129
Q 
Which of the following are all members of the Asteraceae family:
Select one:
a. Peppermint, Elder, Yarrow
b. Calendula, Echinacea, Dandelion 
c. Burdock, Nettle, Plantain
d. Milk Thistle, Lady’s Mantle, Rose
A

B

Herbal Medicine I (12 decks)

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