PPC Flashcards
which means drugs
PHARMAKON
which means knowledge
GNOSIS
Drugs, origin, structure, and chemical composition.
PHARMACOGNOSY
Medicinal plants and their crude products.
PHARMACOGNOSY
Medicinal values, appearances and its nature.
PHARMACOGNOSY
History, cultivation, collection, identification, selection, evaluation, preparation, distribution, commerce, prescription and use.
PHARMACOGNOSY
Plants and animal kingdom.
PHARMACOGNOSY
Study of drugs of natural origin
PHARMACOGNOSY
The study of physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as
well as the search for new drugs from natural sources.
PHARMACOGNOSY
A medical student in Halle Saale Germany who named pharmacognosy
C.A SEYDLER (1815)
Oldest Pharmacy Practice
EARLY HISTORY / PHARMACOGNOSY
Represents the history and medicine dating back to prehistoric ages.
EARLY HISTORY
Pre-historic medicine men
EARLY HISTORY
expert in collecting, testing and using
plants for treating diseases.
MEDICINE MEN
Cultivation and gathering of over 200 different plants.
NEW STONE AGE
preparation of food and healing potions
WOMEN
compilation of remedies
MEN
Spirits as cause of disease
NEW STONE AGE
Source of evidence concerning skills of Mesopotamian physicians
LAW CODE OF HAMMURABI
Healing practitioners during Ancient Mesopotamia
PRIEST, PHARMACIST, PHYSICIAN
2600 BC
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
Is best known and most important pharmaceutical record.
PAPYRUS EBERS (1500 BC)
Papyrus Ebers has A collection of _____ prescriptions, mentioning ____ drugs
800, 700
Earliest source of Greek medical knowledge and descriptions of Ancient Greek medical practices
HOMER (ILLAD AND ODYSSEY)
First Native Doctor
HIPPOCRATES (CORPUS HIPPOCRATICUM)
Who Used vinegar, honey, herbs and hydrotherapy in healing.
Hippocrates (Corpus Hippocraticum)
The father of medicine
Hippocrates (Corpus Hippocraticum)
De Historia Plantanum and De Causis Plantanum
THEOPRASTUS
Book of theoprastus:
DE HISTORIA PLANTANUM
DE CAUSIS PLANTANUM
Greek herbalist who is considered the first person to produce illustrated work on medicinal plants.
KRATEUS
Cosmography on Natural History
PLINY
Cosmology, mineralogy, botany, zoology and medicinal products derived from plants and animals.
PLINY
Practiced and taught Pharmacy and Medicine
GALEN
Associated with pharmaceutical compounded by mechanical means
GALENICALS
He was the originator of the formula for a Cold Cream
GALEN
Book of Dioscorides Pedanios of Anazarbos
MATERIA MEDICA
More than 600 plants
Description of plants
Who wrote the book called Materia Medica?
DIOSCORIDES PEDANIOS OF ANAZARBOS
4th Century (about 2000 BC)
ANCIENT CHINA
Emperor who investigated the medicinal value of herbs
SHEN NUNG
Emperor who investigated the medicinal value of herbs
SHEN NUNG
Shen Nung a Emperor who investigated the medicinal value of herbs:
PHODOPHYLUM
RHUBARB
GINSENG
STRAMONIUM
CINNAMON BARK
EPHEDRA
Native herbal: 365 drugs
PEN T’SAO
___ Emperor herbs
___ Minister herbs, and
___ Servant herbs
120
120
115
Geographical origin, collection, therapeutic properties, forms of preparation and dose
PEN T’SAO
Indonesian traditional medicine
JAMU
( Chinese, Indian and Arabian medicine influence Kalpataruh leaves: 800-900 AD)
1734 formula made of natural materials
SERAT KAWRUH BAB JAMPI JAMPI
Medical treatment in the Ancient Java
SERAT CENTHINI
Clove, Nutmeg, Java tea, Jambul, Galangal
ANCIENT JAVA
Identification (Taxonomy), Genetics, Cultivation
BOTANY
Identification, Isolation, Quantification of constituents
CHEMISTRY
Biological effects that the chemicals in medicinal plants have on cell cultures, animals and humans.
PHARMACOLOGY
3 significance in pharmacy:
QUALITY CONTROL
EFFICACY
SAFETY
• Identity
• Purity
• Consistency
QUALITY CONTROL
• Therapeutic indications
• Clinical studies
• Pharmacological investigations
EFFICACY
• Adverse drug reactions
• Drug interactions
• Contraindications
• Precautions
SAFETY
Are articles recognized in the official books.
DRUGS
Are articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation and prevention of diseases.
DRUGS
Are articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or function of the body.
DRUGS
The deterioration or deficiency in quality of a commercial product.
ADULTERATION IN DRUGS
Causes:
• Aging
• Substitution
• Lack of care in the preparation
• Extraction of important constituents
• Additional of other substances which may either be harmless or harmful
ADULTERATION IN DRUGS
Is the scientific name of the plant yielding the drug.
NATURAL ORIGIN
2 habitat of the plants:
INDIGENOUS
NATURALIZED
plants growing in their own country
INDIGENOUS
Plants growing in foreign land
NATURALIZED
Refers to the source of reproduction or commercial sources or channel of trade of drugs.
COMMERCIAL USE
Latin/Vernicular names
ALPHABETICAL
grouped according to the plant/animal parts.
MORPHOLOGICAL
Latin Name of Banana
MUSA
Synonyms of Banana:
SAGING
SAYING
Part’s Used in Banana:
FRUITS
Natural origin of Banana
MUSA SAPIENTUM
Family of Banana
MUSACEAE
Constituents of Banana:
STARCH
VITAMIN C
Use of Banana:
NUTRITIVE
Latine Name of Tamarind
TAMARINDUS
Synonyms of Tamarind:
Tamarind pulp, Tamarinis, Tamarinden, Sampalok, Sambag
Part’s Used in Tamarind:
RIPED FRUITS (PRESERVED PART)
Natural Origin of Tamarind:
TAMARINDUS INDICA
Constituents of Tamarind:
CITRIC ACID
TARTARIC ACID
POTASSIUM BITARTRATE
USES: Laxative, Refrigerant, Bleaching agent
TAMARIND
FAMILY OF TAMARIND:
LEGUMINOSEAE
Processes in Preparing Drugs:
fresh
ROOTS
Processes in Preparing Drugs
fall, after the vegetative process
RHIZOMES
spring, before the vegetative process
BARKS
photosynthesis
Leaves/Flowering tops
prior or just about the time of pollination
FLOWERS
either before or after the ripening period
FRUITS
fully matured
SEEDS
roots, tuberous roots, tubers, bulbs,
rhizomes, corms
UNDERGROUND PARTS
barks, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds,
trichomes
AERIAL PARTS
gums, resins, balsams, latex
EXUDATES
How many degree is the Simplest Method
65 degree C
is concerned with the chemical operations of plants.
PLANT CHEMISTRY
therapeutic effect
ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS
precipitation and chemical changes
PHARMACEUTICALLY
therapeutic activity
PHARMACOLOGICALLY
no therapeutic effect
INERT
Starch, cellulose, albumin, muscle fiber, keratin
INERT CONSTITUENTS
Species, Families, Genera
Flowering plants ranges
• 200,000 and 250,000 species
• 300 families
• 10,500 genera
An old term that includes those plants which are not different into root, stem and leaves.
THALLOPHYTES
Are vegetable and animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the process of collection and drying.
CRUDE DRUGS
Identification of source material
Adulteration may be accidental
SOURCE MATERIALS
Plant growth and development and often the nature and quantity of secondary metabolites.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Major factors controlling the development and metabolism ofplants.
TEMPERATURE
Humidity, water-holding properties of soil.
RAINFALL
Elevation of plants, maritime climate
ALTITUDE