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ALKALOIDS Flashcards

1
Q

Are extremely difficult to define for they do not represent a homogenous group of
compounds either from the chemical,
biochemical or physiologic point of view.

A

ALKALOIDS

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2
Q

Naturally occurring chemical compounds
containing basic nitrogen atoms.

A

ALKALOIDS

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3
Q

Commonly applied to basic nitrogenous
compounds of plant origin that is
physiologically active.

A

ALKALOIDS

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4
Q

Usually classified according to the nature of the basic chemical structures from which they are derived.

A

ALKALOIDS

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5
Q

All do occur in plants which have been the
rich sources.

A

ALKALOIDS

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6
Q

Some are found in animals and practically all have been reproduced by chemical synthesis.

A

ALKALOIDS

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7
Q

Examples of Alkaloids:

A

BACTERIA
FUNGI
FROGS
INSECTS

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8
Q

Usually a bitter taste.

A

ALKALOIDS

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9
Q

By agreement, chemical rules designate
that the name of alkaloids should end in
INE.

A

ALKALOIDS

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10
Q

By agreement, chemical rules designate
that the name of alkaloids should end in
____.

A

INE

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11
Q

The term Alkaloid (______) is commonly
used to designate basic heterocyclic
nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active.

A

ALKALI-LIKE

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12
Q

Some alkaloids are not basic.

A

BASICITY

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13
Q

Examples or Basicity:

A

COLCHICINE, PIPERINE, QUATERNARY ALKALOIDS

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14
Q

The nitrogen in some alkaloids is
not a heterocyclic ring.

A

NITROGEN

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15
Q

Examples of Nitrogen:

A

COLCHICINE, EPHEDRINE, MESCALINE

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16
Q

Derived from amino acids and have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. – Atropine

A

TRUE/TYPICAL ALKALOIDS

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17
Q

Derived from amino acids and do not have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring.
– Ephedrine

A

PROTO-ALKALOIDS

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18
Q

Not derived from amino acids but have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. - Caffeine

A

PSEUDO-ALKALOIDS

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19
Q

Non-alkaloids that gives false positive reaction with alkaloidal reagents.

A

FALSE ALKALOIDS

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20
Q

Types of Alkaloids:

A

TRUE/TYPICAL ALCALOIDS
PROT-ALKALOIDS
PSEUDO-ALKALOIDS
FALSE ALKALOIDS

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21
Q

Example of true/typical alcaloid

A

ATROPINE

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22
Q

Example or Proto-Alkaloids

A

EPHEDRINE

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23
Q

Example of Pseudo-Alkaloids

A

CAFFEINE

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24
Q

Are cyclic organic compounds
containing nitrogen in negative state of
oxidation with limited distribution
among living organisms.

A

ALKALOIDS

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25
Q

Occurrence of Alkaloids:

A

• RARE IN LOWER PLANTS
• DICOTS ARE MORE RICH IN ALKALOIDS THAN MONOCOTS
• MONOCOT PLANTS WITH ALKALOIDS
• FAMILIES FREE FROM ALKALOIDS

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26
Q

Monocot plants with Alkaloids:

A

AMARYLLIDACEAE
LILIACEAE

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27
Q

Families free from Alkaloids:

A

ROSACEAE
LABIATAE

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28
Q

Families rich in Alkaloids:

A

• APOCYNACEAE
• SOLANACEAE
• PAPAVERACEAE
• RUBIACEAE
• RANUNCULACEAE
• BERBERIDACEAE

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29
Q

Poisonous agent protecting the plant against insects and hervibores due to its bitterness and toxicity.

A

ALKALOIDS

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30
Q

End product of detoxification reaction
representing a metabolic locking-up of
compounds otherwise harmful to the plants– waste products.

A

ALKALOIDS

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31
Q

As regulatory growth factor in certain
metabolic systems.

A

ALKALOIDS

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32
Q

Reserved the substance capable of supplying nitrogen or other necessary elements to the plant’s economy– Sources of nitrogen in case of nitrogen deficiency.

A

ALKALOIDS

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33
Q

Utilized as source of energy in case of
deficiency in carbon dioxide assimilation.

A

ALKALOIDS

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34
Q

Plant part used in Datura

35
Q

Plant part used in Tobacco

36
Q

Plant part used in Cinchona

37
Q

Plant part used in Belladonna, Aconite

38
Q

Plant part used in Black Pepper

39
Q

Plant part used in Areca, Nux Vomica, Physostigma

40
Q

Plant part used in Ipecac, Hydrastis

A

RHIZOMES AND ROOTS

41
Q

Plant part used in Opium

42
Q

Plant part used in Ergot

43
Q

From the Generic Name of the plant
yielding them:

A

ATROPINE - ATROPA
HYDRASTINE - HYDRASTIS

44
Q

From the Specific Name of the plant
yielding them:

A

COCAINE - COCA
BELLADONINE - BELLADONNA

45
Q

Atropa

46
Q

HYDRASTIS

A

HYDRASTINE

47
Q

COCA

48
Q

Belladonna

A

BELLADONINE

49
Q

From the Common Name of the plant
yielding them.

A

ERGOTAMINE - ERGOT

50
Q

Ergot

A

ERGOTAMINE

51
Q

From their Physiologic Activity

A

EMETINE
MORPHINE

52
Q

Occasionally, from the Discoverer

A

PELLETIERINE - PELLETIER

53
Q

Pelletier

A

PELLETIERINE

54
Q

Sometimes, a prefix or suffix is added to
the name of a principal alkaloid to
designate another alkaloid from the
same source.
▪ Quinine
▪ Quinidine
▪ Hydroquinidine

55
Q

Forms of Alkaloids:

A

• FREE BASES
• SALTS WITH ORGANIC ACIDS
• SALTS WITH INORGANIC ACIDS
• SALTS WITH SPECIAL ACIDS
• GLYCOSIDAL FORM

56
Q

Examples of Salt with Organic Acids

A

OXALIC ACID, ACETIC ACID

57
Q

Examples of Salts with Inorganic Acid:

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SULFURIC ACID

58
Q

Examples of Salts with Special Acids:

A

MECONIC ACID - OPIUM
QUINIC ACID - CINCHONA

59
Q

Examples of Glycosidal Form

A

SOLANINE - SOLANUM

60
Q

Insoluble or sparingly soluble in water.

61
Q

freely soluble in water.

A

SALTS WITH ACIDS

62
Q

soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform or other relatively nonpolar, immiscible solvents.

A

FREE ALKALOIDS

63
Q

( However, alkaloidal salts are insoluble. )

64
Q

( Most are crystalline solids– often a useful
means of microscopic identification. )

65
Q

Few are amorphous

66
Q

( Form double-salts with compounds of
Mercury (Hg), Gold (Au), Platinum (Pt),
and other heavy metals. )

67
Q

The _______ are usually obtained as
precipitates and many of them are
microcrystallographically
characteristics.

A

DOUBLE SALTS

68
Q

Few are Amorphous solids

69
Q

Some of the alkaloids are liquids that are either:

A

VOLATILE - NICOTINE and CONIINE
NON-VOLATILE - PILOCARPINE AND AND HYOSCINE

70
Q

End product of detoxification reaction
representing a metabolic locking-up of
compounds otherwise harmful to the plants

A

WASTE PRODUCT

71
Q

Non-volatile

A

PILOCARPINE and HYOSCINE

72
Q

Color of Colchicine and Berberine

73
Q

Color of Canadine

74
Q

Color of Salts of Sanguinarine

A

Copper Red

75
Q

Examples of Yellow Color

A

COLCHICINE and BERBERINE

76
Q

Examples of Orange Color:

77
Q

Examples of Copper Red:

A

SALTS OF SANGUINARINE

78
Q

❑Both alkaloidal bases and their salts are
soluble in alcohol.
❑Generally, the bases are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water

A

SOLUBILITY

79
Q

BASES INSOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

A

• MORPHINE IN ETHER
• THEOBROMINE IN BENZENE
• THEOPHYLLINE IN BENZENE

80
Q

BASES SOLUBLE IN WATER

A

• CAFFEINE
• CODEINE
• COLCHICINE
• EPHEDRINE
• PILOCARPINE
• QUATERNARY AMMONIUM BASES

81
Q

are usually soluble in water and
insoluble or sparingly soluble in organic
solvents.

82
Q

Exception of the Physical Properties of Alkaloids

A

• SALTS INSOLUBLE IN WATER
• SALTS SOLUBLE IN IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

83
Q

Salts insoluble in water

A

QUININE MONOSULPHATE

84
Q

Salts soluble in organic solvents

A

LOBELINE AND APOATROPINE HCL-CHLOROFORM

PPC (8 decks)

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