CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards by Jeehada Palinta

Most abundant organic molecules in nature.

CARBOHYDRATES

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First product formed in photosynthesis.

CARBOHYDRATES

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Are aldehyde or ketone alcohols containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the hydrogen and oxygen are generally in the same ratio as in water.

CARBOHYDRATES

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Emperical formula for simpler carbohydrates _______ hence the name ______.

(CH2O)N
HYDRATE OF CARBON

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Storage form of energy in the body.

CARBOHYDRATES

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Serves as structural component of many
organisms.

CARBOHYDRATES

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Ingredient in food and beverage industries.

CARBOHYDRATES

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Excipients in pharmaceutical formulations.

CARBOHYDRATES

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Pharmacologic effect.

CARBOHYDRATES

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compounds that cannot be hydrolyzed to simple sugars.

SACCHARIDES (SUGAR)

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5 classifications of saccharides

MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
TRISACCHARIDES
TETRASACCHARIDES
OLIGOSACCHARIDES

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are polymers of monosaccharides.

POLYSACCHARIDES

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Starch, Inulin, Cellulose

POLYSACCHARIDES

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Chemically defined as substances belonging to the carbohydrates group that is ketonic or aldehydic substitution product of a polyhydroxy alcohol.

MONOSACCHARIDES

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These sugars contain from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, but those with 5 and 6 carbon atoms ( Pentoses C5H10O5, Hexoses C6H12O6)

MONOSACCHARIDES

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simplest does not occur free in nature.

DIOSES (HYDROXYACETALDEHYDE)

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usually in the form of phosphate esters.

TRIOSES (GLYCERALDEHYDE AND DIHYDROXYACETONE)

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not found in the free state.

TETROSES

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occur commonly in nature, usually as products of hydrolysis of hemicellulose, gums and mucilages.

PENTOSES

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most important monosaccharides found in plants, first detectable sugars synthesized by plants and forms units from which most polysaccharides are constructed.

HEXOSES

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___ possible aldohexose,__ ketohexoses
__ isomers (alpha and beta forms)
__occur in the free state:

16,8
48
2

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found in sweet fruits, honey, and invert sugar.

D-fructose (Levulose) and D-glucose (Dextrose)

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important in the glucose metabolism of animals and in the photosynthesis processes of plants

HEPTOSES

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Trioses – __ Carbon atoms (_______)
Tetroses– __ Carbon atoms ( ______)
Pentoses– ___ Carbon atoms (_______)
Hexoses – __ Carbon atoms (_______)
Heptoses– __ Carbon atoms (_________)
Nonoses– __ Carbon atoms (________)

3, GLYCERALDEHYDE
4, ERYTHROSE
5, RIBOSE
6, GLUCOSE
7, SEDOHEPTULOSE
8, NURAMINIC ACID

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Only disaccharide that occurs abundantly in free state in plants (fruit juices, sugar cane, sugar beet and sap of certain maples). It yield sugar– with epimolecular quantities of glucose and fructose

SUCROSE

seldom occur in free state. Produced in large quantities by hydrolysis of starch during the germination of barley and other grains.

MALTOSE

milk sugar, hydrolyzed into glucose and galactose.

LACTOSE

7 Pharmaceutically Important Sugars

Sucrose Glucose/Dextrose Fructose Lactose Xylose Caramel (Burnt Sugar Coloring) Honey

SUCROSE: Common Name Source Scientific Name Uses:

SUGAR, SACCHARUM SUGAR CANE SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM/ BETA VULGARIS PHARMACETUCALLY NECESSITY FOR SYRUPS, DEMULCENT, NUTRIENTS

•Crushing between iron rollers • Boiled with lime to neutralize plant acids. • Albumins will rise on top and removed. • Filtered and decolorized with sulfur dioxide. • Concentrate and crystallized.

SUGAR CANE

• Beets are dug and washed. • Sliced into small, limp silvers known as cosettes • Sucrose is extracted with hot water.

SUGAR BEETS

D-glucose?

DEXTROSE

Is usually obtained by the hydrolysis of starch

DEXTROSE

DEXTROSE: Source Scientific Name Family Uses:

Grapes and Other Fruits Vitis Vinifera Vitaceae  Nutrient, ingredient in various preparations •Dextrose injection •Alcohol and Dextrose injection •Dextrose and NaCl injection

crystalline dextrose monohydrate that has undergone less rigorous purification. Use: Pharmaceutic necessity

DEXTROSE EXCIPIENT

purified mixture of saccharides (not less than 93% dextrose) prepared by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. Use: Pharmaceutic necessity

DEXTRATES

product of incomplete hydrolysis of starch.

LIQUID GLUCOSE

Colorless or yellowish, thick syrup liquid that is nearly odorless and taste sweet.

LIQUID GLUCOSE

Uses: Manufacture of candy, carbonated beverages, ice cream, baking products and in canning industry.

LIQUID GLUCOSE

Fruit Sugar

FRUCTOSE

Obtained by the inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose and the subsequent separation of fructose from glucose.

FRUCTOSE

 Occurs most in sweet fruits and in honey.  Colorless crystals or as white crystalline or granular.  Odorless powder that has a sweet taste.  Freely soluble in water.

FRUCTOSE

Uses: • As food for diabetic patient. • Contained in infant feeding formulas. • Ingredient of fructose injection and fructose, and sodium chloride injection.

FRUCTOSE

Milk Sugar

LACTOSE

Crystallized from Whey

LACTOSE

Impure crystals are redissolved in water, decolorized with charcoal, and recrystallized.

LACTOSE

Uses: • Tablet diluents • Nutrient in infant’s food • Establishes intestinal microflora

LACTOSE

Semi-synthetic sugar prepared by alkaline rearrangement of lactose. •Yields lactose and galactose upon hydrolysis. Use: Laxative

LACTULOSE

White, opaque liquid that is an emulsion of minute fat globules suspended in a solution of casein, albumin, lactose and inorganic salts.

COW’S MILK

6 Milk/Dairy Products

BUTTER BUTTER MILK SKIMMED BUTTER COAGULUM CHEESE WHEY

Formed when fat globules in milk unite.

BUTTER

Liquid left after fat globules unite.

BUTTER MILK

Milk left after separation of cream.

SKIMMED MILK

Formed when skimmed milk is treated with renin.

COAGULUM

Formed when skimmed milk is treated with renin.

COAGULUM

Produced when coagulum is treated

CHEESE

Liquid separated from the coagulum.

WHEY

Wood Sugar

XYLOSE

A pentose obtained by boiling corn cobs, straw or similar materials with dilute acid to hydrolyze the xylan polymer.

XYLOSE

Uses: •Diagnostic agent to evaluate intestinal absorption. •Cellac agent •Crohn’s disease •Pellagra •Radiation enteritis and surgical resection

XYLOSE

Are polymers of monosaccharides linked together through glycosidic linkages.

POLYSACCHARIDES

Glycan Nomenclature: Nature of monosaccharide building units and the position and configuration of the glycosidic bonds.

POLYSACCHARIDES

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES

 Complex Polysaccharides  Homoglycans  Gums and Mucilages  Algal Gelling Agents

Usually hydrolyzed to a component Hexose and are therefore called Hexosans,

COMPLEX POLYSACCHARIDE

which yields glucose (glycosan/glucan)

STARCH

which yields fructose (fructosan/fructan)

INULIN

forms the primary cell wall in plants

CELLULOSE

high molecular weight polysaccharides but are considerably more soluble and more easily hydrolyzed.

HEMICELLULOSES

 Starch  Hetastarch  Dextran  Inulin  Cellulose  Powdered Cellulose  Purified Cotton

COMPLEX POLYSSACHARIDES

 Starch  Hetastarch  Dextran  Inulin  Cellulose  Powdered Cellulose  Purified Cotton

COMPLEX POLYSSACHARIDES

Natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as anionic or nonionic polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides.

GUMS AND MUCILAGES

Dispersion of gum in water.

MUCILAGES

 Uses:  Pharmaceutical necessity.  Ingredients in dental and other adhesives and bulk laxatives.

GUMS AND MUCILAGES

 Tragacanth  Agar  Carrageenan  Acacia gum  Ghatti Gum  Guar Gum  Karaya Gum (Sterculia Gum)  Xanthan Gum  Locust Bean Gum  Psyllium (Flea seed)  Plantago Seed  Marshmallow leaf  Marshmallow root  Mullien flower  Couch grass rhizome  Na Alginate (Algin)

GUMS AND MUCILAGES

 Agar  Alginic Acid

ALGAL GELLING AGENTS

 Honey  Figs  Fucus  Cetraria– Iceland moss

MISCELLANEOUS

General term for group of polysaccharides present in the primary cell wall of all seed-bearing plants acts as an intercellular cementing material together with cellulose and hemicellulose.

PECTIN

limp silver known as _____

cosettes

Usually hydrolyzed to a component hexose and are therefore called _____

Hexosans

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES

COMPLEX POLYSACCHARIDE HEMOGLYCANS ALGAL GELLING AGENTS GUMA AND MUCILAGES

COMPLEX POLYSSACHARIDES

STARCH HETASTARCH DEXTRAN INULIN CELLULOSE POWDERED CELLULOSE PURIFIED COTTON

Exudates gums, seed gums, marine gums, microbial gums

GUMS AND MUCILAGES

pure pectin

PHARMACEUTIC PECTIN

Contains sugar of organic acids

COMMERCIAL PECTIN