CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
Most abundant organic molecules in nature.
CARBOHYDRATES
First product formed in photosynthesis.
CARBOHYDRATES
Are aldehyde or ketone alcohols containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the hydrogen and oxygen are generally in the same ratio as in water.
CARBOHYDRATES
Emperical formula for simpler carbohydrates _______ hence the name ______.
(CH2O)N
HYDRATE OF CARBON
Storage form of energy in the body.
CARBOHYDRATES
Serves as structural component of many
organisms.
CARBOHYDRATES
Ingredient in food and beverage industries.
CARBOHYDRATES
Excipients in pharmaceutical formulations.
CARBOHYDRATES
Pharmacologic effect.
CARBOHYDRATES
compounds that cannot be hydrolyzed to simple sugars.
SACCHARIDES (SUGAR)
5 classifications of saccharides
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
TRISACCHARIDES
TETRASACCHARIDES
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
are polymers of monosaccharides.
POLYSACCHARIDES
Starch, Inulin, Cellulose
POLYSACCHARIDES
Chemically defined as substances belonging to the carbohydrates group that is ketonic or aldehydic substitution product of a polyhydroxy alcohol.
MONOSACCHARIDES
These sugars contain from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, but those with 5 and 6 carbon atoms ( Pentoses C5H10O5, Hexoses C6H12O6)
MONOSACCHARIDES
simplest does not occur free in nature.
DIOSES (HYDROXYACETALDEHYDE)
usually in the form of phosphate esters.
TRIOSES (GLYCERALDEHYDE AND DIHYDROXYACETONE)
not found in the free state.
TETROSES
occur commonly in nature, usually as products of hydrolysis of hemicellulose, gums and mucilages.
PENTOSES
most important monosaccharides found in plants, first detectable sugars synthesized by plants and forms units from which most polysaccharides are constructed.
HEXOSES
___ possible aldohexose,__ ketohexoses
__ isomers (alpha and beta forms)
__occur in the free state:
16,8
48
2
found in sweet fruits, honey, and invert sugar.
D-fructose (Levulose) and D-glucose (Dextrose)
important in the glucose metabolism of animals and in the photosynthesis processes of plants
HEPTOSES
- Trioses – __ Carbon atoms (_______)
- Tetroses– __ Carbon atoms ( ______)
- Pentoses– ___ Carbon atoms (_______)
- Hexoses – __ Carbon atoms (_______)
- Heptoses– __ Carbon atoms (_________)
- Nonoses– __ Carbon atoms (________)
3, GLYCERALDEHYDE
4, ERYTHROSE
5, RIBOSE
6, GLUCOSE
7, SEDOHEPTULOSE
8, NURAMINIC ACID
Only disaccharide that occurs
abundantly in free state in plants (fruit juices, sugar cane, sugar beet and sap of certain maples). It yield sugar– with epimolecular quantities of glucose and
fructose
SUCROSE
seldom occur in free state. Produced in
large quantities by hydrolysis of starch during the germination of barley and other grains.
MALTOSE
milk sugar, hydrolyzed into glucose and
galactose.
LACTOSE
7 Pharmaceutically Important Sugars
Sucrose
Glucose/Dextrose
Fructose
Lactose
Xylose
Caramel (Burnt Sugar Coloring)
Honey
SUCROSE:
Common Name
Source
Scientific Name
Uses:
SUGAR, SACCHARUM
SUGAR CANE
SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM/ BETA VULGARIS
PHARMACETUCALLY NECESSITY FOR SYRUPS, DEMULCENT, NUTRIENTS
•Crushing between iron rollers
• Boiled with lime to neutralize plant acids.
• Albumins will rise on top and removed.
• Filtered and decolorized with sulfur dioxide.
• Concentrate and crystallized.
SUGAR CANE
• Beets are dug and washed.
• Sliced into small, limp silvers known as cosettes
• Sucrose is extracted with hot water.
SUGAR BEETS
D-glucose?
DEXTROSE
Is usually obtained by the hydrolysis of starch
DEXTROSE