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GLYCOSIDES Flashcards

1
Q

upon hydrolysis yield one or more sugars
in addition to a nonsugar component known as aglycone, and the sugar component is called as glycone.

A

GLYCOSIDES

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2
Q

nonsugar component

A

AGLYCONE/GENIN

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3
Q

sugar component is called?

A

GLYCONE

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4
Q

The usual linkage between the sugar and the aglycone is an oxygen linkage between the reducing group of a sugar and an alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl group of the aglycone.

A

GLYCOSIDES

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5
Q

linkage between the sugar and the aglycone

A

OXYGEN LINKAGE

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6
Q

the most numerous glycosides ones found in nature.

A

O-GLYCOSIDES

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7
Q

(S-glycosides)

A

SULFUR

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8
Q

(N-glycosides)

A

NITROGEN

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9
Q

(C-glycosides)

A

CARBON

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10
Q

widely distributed in the plant kingdom
and they play an important role in the regulatory, protective, and sanitary functions of plants.

A

GLYCOSIDES

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11
Q

Glycosides are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and they play an important role in the ______, _______, and ______ functions of plants.

A

REGULATORY, PROTECTIVE, SANITARY

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12
Q

Emulsin and other naturally occurring enzymes are

A

BETA GLYCOSIDES

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13
Q

is the most frequently occurring sugar
and primarily exists in plants

A

B-GLUCOSE

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14
Q

most frequent occurring glycoside

A

D-GLUCOSE

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15
Q

( Both alpha- and beta- glycosides are possible but only beta-forms occur in plants.)

A
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16
Q

Sugar Derivatives:

A

GLUCURONIC ACID
GALACTURONIC ACID

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17
Q

When sugar formed is glucose, its is term as

A

GLYCOSIDES

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18
Q

Nomenclature: ending in IN for trivial names
 Digitoxin– Digitalis
 Salicin– Salix
 Prunasin– Prunus
 Systematic naming replacing OSE suffix of the parent sugar with OSIDE.
 Anoremic prefix (alpha/beta) and the configurational prefix (D/L) immediately precede the sugar stem name, and the chemical name of the aglycone precedes the name of the sugar.

A

SYSTEM OF NAMING

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19
Q

Sugar component

A

GLYCONE

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20
Q

If the glycone group of a glycoside is glucose, then the molecule is glucoside. If fructose, then the molecule is fructoside.

A

GLYCONE

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21
Q

If the glycone group of a glycoside is glucose, then the molecule is ______.

A

GLUCOSIDE

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22
Q

If the glycone group of a glycoside is fructose, then the molecule is ______.

A

FRUCTOSIDE

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23
Q

Glycosides are also classified according to the chemical nature of the aglycone. For the purpose of biochemistry and pharmacology, this is the most useful classification

A

AGLYCONE/GENIN

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24
Q

Glycosides are classified as _______

A

a-glycosides/ß-glycosides.

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25
Some enzymes such as _____ can only hydrolyzed a- linkages.
a-amylase
26
Can affect b-linkages
EMULSIN
27
 Cardioactive (Steroidal)  Anthraquinone  Saponin  Cyanophore  Isothiocyanate  Flavonol  Alcohol  Aldehyde  Lactone  Phenol
28
Also known as Cardiac glycosides
CARDIOACTIVE (STEROIDAL) GLYCOSIDE
29
Characterized by their highly specific and powerful action on cardiac muscles.
CARDIOACTIVE (STEROIDAL) GLYCOSIDE
30
Increases the force of ______ contractions.
SYSTOLIC
31
Increases the force of systolic contractions.
CARDIOACTIVE (STEROIDAL) GLYCOSIDE
32
The ___________ depends both on the structure of the aglycone and the type and number of sugar units to which it is attached.
THERAPEUTIC EFFICIENCY
33
The therapeutic efficiency depends both on the structure of the aglycone and the type and number of sugar units to which it is attached.
CARDIOACTIVE (STEROIDAL) GLYCOSIDE
34
Rare sugars:
DIGITALOSE DIGITOXOSE CYRAMOSE AND OTHER.
35
Sugars found in cardioactive glycoside
GLUCOSE RHAMNOSE DEOXY SUGAR
36
Digitoxin, Digitonin, Digitalin
DIGITALIS/FOXGLOVE
37
Digitalis/Foxglove
DIGITOXIN DIGITONIN DIGITALIN
38
Convallarin, Convallatoxin, Convallamarin
Lilly of the valley root/Convallaria root
39
Lilly of the valley root/Convallaria root
Convallarin, Convallatoxin, Convallamarin
40
Scillain, Scillitoxin
SQUILL
41
Squill
Scillain, Scillitoxin
42
Strophantin, Strophantic acid
STROPHANTUS
43
Strophantus
Strophantin, Strophantic acid
44
Other source of cardioactive glycoside
Asiatic hydrocotyl Pandacaqui Periwinkle Ouabin Yellow bells
45
Sources of cardioactive glycosides
DIGITALIS/FOXGLOVE LILY OF THE VALLEY ROOT / CONVALLARIA ROOT SQUILL STROPHANTUS
46
Are glycosides in which the aglycones are anthracene derivatives are sometimes referred to as the
ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES
47
Stimulant cathartics or purgatives
ANTHRAQUINONE
48
Increases the tone of the smooth muscles in the cell wall of the colon and stimulate the secretion of water and electrolytes into the large intestine.
ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES
49
Habit-forming laxative dependence and loss of normal bowel function.
ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES
50
Anthraquinone glycosides sources:
Aloe Frangula Rhubarb Sacred bark Senna
51
Anthraquinone Glycosides Constituents:
Anthraquinones Anthranols and Anthrones Oxanthrols Dianthrones Alloin-type/C-glycosides
52
Yield aglycone known as
SAPOGENIN
53
Yield aglycone known as Sapogenin– Steroid/Hiterpenoid
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
54
Plant materials containing saponins have long been used for their _______ properties
DETERGENT
55
Plant materials containing saponins have long been used for their detergent properties
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
56
Characterized by forming colloidal solutions in water with foam upon shaking in an aqueous solution.
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
57
Hemolytic properties and when injected into the blood stream are highly toxic, causing the RBC to disintegrate, especially to cold-blooded animals. – fish poisons
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
58
poisonous saponins
SAPOTOXINS
59
When taken orally, saponins are comparatively _______.
NONTOXIC
60
rich in saponins, but it is widely used as a flavoring of pharmaceuticals and beverages
SARSAPARILLA
61
Sources of Saponin Glycosides
SARSAPARILLA GINSENG GLYCYRRHIZA/LICORICE ROOT
62
Other sources of saponin glycosides:
SENEGA SOAP BARK
63
Glycosides yielding hydrocyanic acid as one of the products of hydrolysis.
CYANOPHORE GLYCOSIDES
64
Also known as Cyanogenic glycosides
CYANOPHORE GLYCOSIDES
65
Cyanophore glycosides is also known for?
CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES
66
is a chemical defense response to organisms damaging the plant tissue when feeding on intact plant parts or attacking the plant through a site of injury.
CYANOGENESIS
67
(CYANOPHORE CAN BE USED AS FLAVORING AGENTS)
68
Amygdalin-containing preparations known as Laetrile/Vitamin B17 and possibly for sickle cell anemia control.
ANTICANCER
69
most widely distributed
AMYGDALIN
70
common cyanophore glycoside
MANDELONITRILE (BENZALDEHYDE CYANOHYDRIN)
71
Sources of cyanophore glycosides:
BITTER ALMONDS - AMYGDALIN WILD CHERRY / WILD BLACK CHERRY TREE - PRUNASIN (D-MANDELONITRILE) CASSAVA - MANNIHOTOXIN APRICOT PITS - AMYGDALIN
72
Mannihotoxin
CASSAVA
73
Prunasin (D-Mandelonitrile)
WILD CHERRY TREE/ WILD BLACK CHERRY TREE
74
Also known as Glucosinolate
ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES
75
Isothiocyanate glycoside is also known as
GLUCOSINOLATE
76
Act as feeding deterrents against insects and mammals.
ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES
77
Anticarcinogenic
ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES
78
canola oil
OILSEEDS (RAPESEED)
79
mustard, horseradish
CONDIMENTS
80
broccoli, cabbage, turnips
VEGETABLES
81
Sources of Isothiocyanate Glycosides:
BLACK MUSTARD - SINIGRIN WHITE MUSTARD - SINALBIN GARLIC
82
sinigrin
BLACK MUSTARD
83
Sinalbin
WHITE MUSTARD
84
White mustard
SINALBIN
85
Black mustard
SINIGRIN
86
Generally termed as Flavonoids (Flavone, Isoflavone, Flavonol and Flavanone)
FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES
87
Flavonol glycosides is generally termed as?
FLAVONOIDS (FLAVONE, ISLOFLAVONE, FLAVANOL, FLAVANONE)
88
Widely distributed in nature in the free state or as glycosides but are more common in higher plants particularly in red, blue, of yellow pigments of flowers and fruits.
FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES
89
Widely distributed in nature in the free state or as glycosides but are more common in higher plants particularly in _____, _____, of ______ pigments of flowers and fruits.
RED BLUE YELLOW
90
Widely distributed in nature in the free state or as glycosides but are more common in higher plants particularly in ____, _____, of _____ pigments of flowers and fruits.
RED BLUE YELLOW
91
Rutin
BUCKWHEAT AND RUE
92
Sources of Flavonol Glycosides:
BUCKWHEAT AND RUE QUERCUS AND TINCTORIA CITRUS FRUITS MILK THISTLE
93
Quercitrin
Quercus Tinctoria
94
Vitamin P/Permeability Factor
RUTIN AND HESPERIDIN
95
Hesperidin
CITRUS FRUITS
96
Hesperidin, Hesperitin, Diosmin, Naringen.
CITRUS BIOFLAVONOIDS
97
As dietary supplement
RUTIN AND CITRUS FLAVONOIDS
98
Ripe fruits of Silybum marianum Silymarin Supportive treatment for chronic inflammatory liver conditions and cirrhosis.
MILK THISTLE
99
Upon hydrolysis, Salicin from Willow and Poplar barks yields Salicyl alcohol (Saligenin ) and Glucose.
ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
100
Sources of Alcohol Glycosides:
SALICIN
101
species of Salix and Populus
SALICIN
102
Sources under Salicin in Alcohol Glycosides:
Salix Purpurea and Salix Fragilis Antirheumatic Analgesic
103
Other sources of Alcohol Glycosides:
HAMEMELIS MAZEREUM VIBURNUM XANTHOXYLLUM
104
Consist of glucose combined with Hydroxybenzaldehyde, thus representing a glycoside having an aldehyde aglycone.
ALDEHYDE GLYCOSIDES
105
Sources of Aldehyde Glycosides:
VANILLA -VANILLIN
106
VANILLIN
VANILLA
107
Uses as pharmaceutic acid and flavoring agent?
VANILLA
108
a derivative of benzo-a-pyrone has been found in about 150 species belonging to over 30 different families
COUMARIN
109
Coumarin
TONKA SEEDS
110
Santonin
SANTONICA
111
Camtharidin
CANTHARIDES
112
Formerly use as flavoring agent, anticoagulant
SEEDS
113
Antispasmodics
BARKS
114
Uterine Sedatives:
TONKA SEEDS SANTONICA CANTHARIDES SEEDS BARKS
115
Aglycone group of many of the naturally-occurring glycosides are phenolic in character.
PHENOL GLYCOSIDES
116
Sources of Phenol Glycosides:
UVA URSI ROOT BARKS OF ROSACEOUS PLANTS BAPTISIA IRIS SPECIES
117
Arbutin
UVA URSI
118
PHLORIDZIN
Root barks of Rosaceous plants
119
Phloridzin
Root barks of Rosaceous plants
120
Baptisin
Baptisia
121
Iridin
IRIS SPECIES

PPC (8 decks)

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