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GLYCOSIDES Flashcards

1
Q

upon hydrolysis yield one or more sugars
in addition to a nonsugar component known as aglycone, and the sugar component is called as glycone.

A

GLYCOSIDES

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2
Q

nonsugar component

A

AGLYCONE/GENIN

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3
Q

sugar component is called?

A

GLYCONE

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4
Q

The usual linkage between the sugar and the aglycone is an oxygen linkage between the reducing group of a sugar and an alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl group of the aglycone.

A

GLYCOSIDES

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5
Q

linkage between the sugar and the aglycone

A

OXYGEN LINKAGE

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6
Q

the most numerous glycosides ones found in nature.

A

O-GLYCOSIDES

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7
Q

(S-glycosides)

A

SULFUR

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8
Q

(N-glycosides)

A

NITROGEN

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9
Q

(C-glycosides)

A

CARBON

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10
Q

widely distributed in the plant kingdom
and they play an important role in the regulatory, protective, and sanitary functions of plants.

A

GLYCOSIDES

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11
Q

Glycosides are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and they play an important role in the ______, _______, and ______ functions of plants.

A

REGULATORY, PROTECTIVE, SANITARY

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12
Q

Emulsin and other naturally occurring enzymes are

A

BETA GLYCOSIDES

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13
Q

is the most frequently occurring sugar
and primarily exists in plants

A

B-GLUCOSE

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14
Q

most frequent occurring glycoside

A

D-GLUCOSE

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15
Q

( Both alpha- and beta- glycosides are possible but only beta-forms occur in plants.)

A
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16
Q

Sugar Derivatives:

A

GLUCURONIC ACID
GALACTURONIC ACID

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17
Q

When sugar formed is glucose, its is term as

A

GLYCOSIDES

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18
Q

Nomenclature: ending in IN for trivial names
 Digitoxin– Digitalis
 Salicin– Salix
 Prunasin– Prunus
 Systematic naming replacing OSE suffix of the parent sugar with OSIDE.
 Anoremic prefix (alpha/beta) and the configurational prefix (D/L) immediately precede the sugar stem name, and the chemical name of the aglycone precedes the name of the sugar.

A

SYSTEM OF NAMING

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19
Q

Sugar component

A

GLYCONE

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20
Q

If the glycone group of a glycoside is glucose, then the molecule is glucoside. If fructose, then the molecule is fructoside.

A

GLYCONE

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21
Q

If the glycone group of a glycoside is glucose, then the molecule is ______.

A

GLUCOSIDE

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22
Q

If the glycone group of a glycoside is fructose, then the molecule is ______.

A

FRUCTOSIDE

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23
Q

Glycosides are also classified according to the chemical nature of the aglycone. For the purpose of biochemistry and pharmacology, this is the most useful classification

A

AGLYCONE/GENIN

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24
Q

Glycosides are classified as _______

A

a-glycosides/ß-glycosides.

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25
Q

Some enzymes such as _____ can only hydrolyzed a- linkages.

A

a-amylase

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26
Q

Can affect b-linkages

A

EMULSIN

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27
Q

 Cardioactive
(Steroidal)
 Anthraquinone
 Saponin
 Cyanophore
 Isothiocyanate
 Flavonol
 Alcohol
 Aldehyde
 Lactone
 Phenol

A
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28
Q

Also known as Cardiac glycosides

A

CARDIOACTIVE (STEROIDAL) GLYCOSIDE

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29
Q

Characterized by their highly specific and powerful action on cardiac muscles.

A

CARDIOACTIVE (STEROIDAL) GLYCOSIDE

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30
Q

Increases the force of ______ contractions.

A

SYSTOLIC

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31
Q

Increases the force of systolic contractions.

A

CARDIOACTIVE (STEROIDAL) GLYCOSIDE

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32
Q

The ___________ depends both on the
structure of the aglycone and the type and number of sugar units to which it is attached.

A

THERAPEUTIC EFFICIENCY

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33
Q

The therapeutic efficiency depends both on the structure of the aglycone and the type and number of sugar units to which it is attached.

A

CARDIOACTIVE (STEROIDAL) GLYCOSIDE

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34
Q

Rare sugars:

A

DIGITALOSE
DIGITOXOSE
CYRAMOSE AND OTHER.

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35
Q

Sugars found in cardioactive glycoside

A

GLUCOSE
RHAMNOSE
DEOXY SUGAR

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36
Q

Digitoxin, Digitonin, Digitalin

A

DIGITALIS/FOXGLOVE

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37
Q

Digitalis/Foxglove

A

DIGITOXIN
DIGITONIN
DIGITALIN

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38
Q

Convallarin, Convallatoxin, Convallamarin

A

Lilly of the valley root/Convallaria root

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39
Q

Lilly of the valley root/Convallaria root

A

Convallarin, Convallatoxin, Convallamarin

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40
Q

Scillain, Scillitoxin

A

SQUILL

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41
Q

Squill

A

Scillain, Scillitoxin

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42
Q

Strophantin, Strophantic acid

A

STROPHANTUS

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43
Q

Strophantus

A

Strophantin, Strophantic acid

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44
Q

Other source of cardioactive glycoside

A

Asiatic hydrocotyl
Pandacaqui
Periwinkle
Ouabin
Yellow bells

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45
Q

Sources of cardioactive glycosides

A

DIGITALIS/FOXGLOVE

LILY OF THE VALLEY ROOT / CONVALLARIA ROOT

SQUILL

STROPHANTUS

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46
Q

Are glycosides in which the aglycones are anthracene derivatives are sometimes referred to as the

A

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

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47
Q

Stimulant cathartics or purgatives

A

ANTHRAQUINONE

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48
Q

Increases the tone of the smooth muscles in the cell wall of the colon and stimulate the secretion of water and electrolytes into the large intestine.

A

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

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49
Q

Habit-forming laxative dependence and loss of normal bowel function.

A

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

50
Q

Anthraquinone glycosides sources:

A

Aloe
Frangula
Rhubarb
Sacred bark
Senna

51
Q

Anthraquinone Glycosides Constituents:

A

Anthraquinones
Anthranols and Anthrones
Oxanthrols
Dianthrones
Alloin-type/C-glycosides

52
Q

Yield aglycone known as

53
Q

Yield aglycone known as Sapogenin– Steroid/Hiterpenoid

A

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

54
Q

Plant materials containing saponins have long been used for their _______ properties

55
Q

Plant materials containing saponins have long been used for their detergent properties

A

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

56
Q

Characterized by forming colloidal solutions in water with foam upon shaking in an aqueous solution.

A

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

57
Q

Hemolytic properties and when injected into the blood stream are highly toxic, causing the RBC to disintegrate, especially to cold-blooded animals. – fish poisons

A

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

58
Q

poisonous saponins

A

SAPOTOXINS

59
Q

When taken orally, saponins are comparatively _______.

60
Q

rich in saponins, but it is widely used as a
flavoring of pharmaceuticals and beverages

A

SARSAPARILLA

61
Q

Sources of Saponin Glycosides

A

SARSAPARILLA
GINSENG
GLYCYRRHIZA/LICORICE ROOT

62
Q

Other sources of saponin glycosides:

A

SENEGA
SOAP BARK

63
Q

Glycosides yielding hydrocyanic acid as one of the products of hydrolysis.

A

CYANOPHORE GLYCOSIDES

64
Q

Also known as Cyanogenic glycosides

A

CYANOPHORE GLYCOSIDES

65
Q

Cyanophore glycosides is also known for?

A

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

66
Q

is a chemical defense response to
organisms damaging the plant tissue when feeding on intact plant parts or attacking the plant through a site of injury.

A

CYANOGENESIS

67
Q

(CYANOPHORE CAN BE USED AS FLAVORING AGENTS)

68
Q

Amygdalin-containing preparations known as Laetrile/Vitamin B17 and possibly for sickle cell anemia control.

A

ANTICANCER

69
Q

most widely distributed

70
Q

common cyanophore glycoside

A

MANDELONITRILE (BENZALDEHYDE CYANOHYDRIN)

71
Q

Sources of cyanophore glycosides:

A

BITTER ALMONDS - AMYGDALIN

WILD CHERRY / WILD BLACK CHERRY TREE - PRUNASIN (D-MANDELONITRILE)

CASSAVA - MANNIHOTOXIN

APRICOT PITS - AMYGDALIN

72
Q

Mannihotoxin

73
Q

Prunasin (D-Mandelonitrile)

A

WILD CHERRY TREE/ WILD BLACK CHERRY TREE

74
Q

Also known as Glucosinolate

A

ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES

75
Q

Isothiocyanate glycoside is also known as

A

GLUCOSINOLATE

76
Q

Act as feeding deterrents against insects and mammals.

A

ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES

77
Q

Anticarcinogenic

A

ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES

78
Q

canola oil

A

OILSEEDS (RAPESEED)

79
Q

mustard, horseradish

A

CONDIMENTS

80
Q

broccoli, cabbage, turnips

A

VEGETABLES

81
Q

Sources of Isothiocyanate Glycosides:

A

BLACK MUSTARD - SINIGRIN
WHITE MUSTARD - SINALBIN
GARLIC

82
Q

sinigrin

A

BLACK MUSTARD

83
Q

Sinalbin

A

WHITE MUSTARD

84
Q

White mustard

85
Q

Black mustard

86
Q

Generally termed as Flavonoids (Flavone, Isoflavone, Flavonol and Flavanone)

A

FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES

87
Q

Flavonol glycosides is generally termed as?

A

FLAVONOIDS (FLAVONE, ISLOFLAVONE, FLAVANOL, FLAVANONE)

88
Q

Widely distributed in nature in the free state or as glycosides but are more common in higher plants particularly in red, blue, of yellow pigments of flowers
and fruits.

A

FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES

89
Q

Widely distributed in nature in the free state or as glycosides but are more common in higher plants particularly in _____, _____, of ______ pigments of flowers
and fruits.

A

RED BLUE YELLOW

90
Q

Widely distributed in nature in the free state or as glycosides but are more common in higher plants particularly in ____, _____, of _____ pigments of flowers
and fruits.

A

RED BLUE YELLOW

91
Q

Rutin

A

BUCKWHEAT AND RUE

92
Q

Sources of Flavonol Glycosides:

A

BUCKWHEAT AND RUE
QUERCUS AND TINCTORIA
CITRUS FRUITS
MILK THISTLE

93
Q

Quercitrin

A

Quercus Tinctoria

94
Q

Vitamin P/Permeability Factor

A

RUTIN AND HESPERIDIN

95
Q

Hesperidin

A

CITRUS FRUITS

96
Q

Hesperidin, Hesperitin, Diosmin, Naringen.

A

CITRUS BIOFLAVONOIDS

97
Q

As dietary supplement

A

RUTIN AND CITRUS FLAVONOIDS

98
Q

Ripe fruits of Silybum marianum

Silymarin

Supportive treatment for chronic inflammatory liver conditions and cirrhosis.

A

MILK THISTLE

99
Q

Upon hydrolysis, Salicin from Willow and Poplar barks yields Salicyl alcohol (Saligenin ) and Glucose.

A

ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES

100
Q

Sources of Alcohol Glycosides:

101
Q

species of Salix and Populus

102
Q

Sources under Salicin in Alcohol Glycosides:

A

Salix Purpurea and Salix Fragilis
Antirheumatic
Analgesic

103
Q

Other sources of Alcohol Glycosides:

A

HAMEMELIS
MAZEREUM
VIBURNUM
XANTHOXYLLUM

104
Q

Consist of glucose combined with Hydroxybenzaldehyde, thus representing a glycoside having an aldehyde aglycone.

A

ALDEHYDE GLYCOSIDES

105
Q

Sources of Aldehyde Glycosides:

A

VANILLA -VANILLIN

106
Q

VANILLIN

107
Q

Uses as pharmaceutic acid and flavoring agent?

108
Q

a derivative of benzo-a-pyrone has been found in about 150 species belonging to over 30 different families

109
Q

Coumarin

A

TONKA SEEDS

110
Q

Santonin

111
Q

Camtharidin

A

CANTHARIDES

112
Q

Formerly use as flavoring agent, anticoagulant

113
Q

Antispasmodics

114
Q

Uterine Sedatives:

A

TONKA SEEDS
SANTONICA
CANTHARIDES
SEEDS
BARKS

115
Q

Aglycone group of many of the naturally-occurring glycosides are phenolic in character.

A

PHENOL GLYCOSIDES

116
Q

Sources of Phenol Glycosides:

A

UVA URSI
ROOT BARKS OF ROSACEOUS PLANTS
BAPTISIA
IRIS SPECIES

117
Q

Arbutin

118
Q

PHLORIDZIN

A

Root barks of Rosaceous plants

119
Q

Phloridzin

A

Root barks of Rosaceous plants

120
Q

Baptisin

121
Q

Iridin

A

IRIS SPECIES

PPC (8 decks)

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