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PP Clues - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Necrosis

A

Nonprogrammed cell death
Inflammation
Nucleus destroyed first

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2
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
No inflammation
Nucleus destroyed last

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3
Q

Pyknosis

A

Nucleus turns into blobs

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4
Q

Karyohexis

A

Nucleus fragments

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5
Q

Karyolysis

A

Nucleus dissolves

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6
Q

Somatotrope

A

GH

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7
Q

Gonadotrope

A

LH and FSH

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8
Q

Thyrotrope

A

TSH

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9
Q

Cortiotrope

A

ACTH

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10
Q

Lactotrope

A

Prolactin

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11
Q

Receptors used by protein hormones

A

Cell membrane receptors

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12
Q

Receptors used by steroid hormones

A

Nuclear membrane receptors

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13
Q

Steroid Hormones

A 
PET CAD (+ Thyroid)
Progesterone 
Estrogen
Testosterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Vitamin D
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14
Q

Endocrine

A

Secretion into blood

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15
Q

Exocrine

A

Secretion into not blood

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16
Q

Autocrine

A

Works on itself

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17
Q

Paracrine

A

Works on its neighbors

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18
Q

Merocrine

A

Exocytosis - cell is maintained

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19
Q

Apocrine

A

Apex of cell secreted

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20
Q

Holocrine

A

Whole cell secreted

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21
Q

Organs that do not require insulin for glucose

A 
BRICKLE
Brain
RBC
Intestines
Cardiac, Cornea
Kidney
Liver
Exercising muscle
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22
Q

GnRH

A

Stimulates FSH and LH

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23
Q

GRH

A

Stimulates GH

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24
Q

CRH

A

Stimulates ACTH

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25
TRH
Stimulates TSH
26
PRH
Stimulates Prolactin
27
Dopamine
Inhibits Prolactin
28
Somatostatin
Inhibits GH | Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK
29
ADH
Conserves water Vasoconstricts Concentrates urine
30
Oxytocin
Milk production | Birth
31
GH
IGF-1 release from liver Growth Sends somatomedin to growth plates Gluconeogenesis by proteolysis
32
TSH
T3 and T4 release from thyroid
33
LH
Testosterone release from testes | Estrogen and Progesterone from ovary
34
FSH
Sperm or egg growth
35
ACTH
Cortisol release from adrenal gland
36
MSH
Skin pigmentation
37
Stress Hormones
``` Immediate = Epinephrine 20 minutes = Glucagon 30 minutes = Insulin and ADH 2-4 hrs = Cortisol 24 hrs = GH ```
38
Diabetes Insipidus
Too little ADH | Urinate a lot
39
Central DI
Brain not making ADH
40
Nephrogenic DI
Blocked ADH receptor | Can be caused by Lithium or Demecocycline
41
Water deprivation test
Concentrate urine = Psychogenic | Fail to concentrate urine = DI
42
DDAVP
Concentrate urine = Central DI | Fail to concentrate urine = Nephrogenic DI
43
SIADH
Too much ADH Expanded plasma volume Pee Na+
44
Difference between SIADH and DI
``` DI = dilute urine SIADH = concentrated urine ```
45
Psychogenic Polydipsia
Pathologic water drinking | Low plasma osmolarity
46
Aldosterone
Reabsorbs Na+ | Secretes H+ and K+
47
Neuroblastoma
Adrenal medulla tumor in kids Dancing eyes and feet Secretes catecholamines
48
Pheochromocytoma
``` Adrenal medulla tumor in adults Pressure Pain Palpitations Perspiration Pallor ```
49
Zona Glomerulosa makes
Aldosterone
50
Zona Fasiculata makes
Cortisol
51
Zona Reticularis makes
Androgens
52
Conn's Syndrome
High aldosterone d/t tumor | Captopril test makes it worse
53
ANP
Inhibits aldosterone | Dilates renal artery (afferent arteriole)
54
Calcitonin
Inhibits osteoclasts
55
MEN I
``` Wermer's Pancreas Pituitary Parathyroid adenoma High gastrin ```
56
MEN II (2A)
Sipple's Parathyroid Pheochromocytoma Medullary thyroid cancer
57
MEN III (2B)
Pheochromocytoma Medullary thyroid cancer Mucosal neuromas (oral/GI) Marfanoid
58
CCK
Gallbladder contraction Bile release Inhibits gastric motility (closes sphincters)
59
Cortisol
Gluconeogenesis by proteolysis | Leads to thin skin
60
Addison's Disease
AI destruction of adrenal cortex Hyperpigmentation Increased ACTH
61
Waterhouse Friderichsen
Adrenal hemorrhage | MC bug = N. meningitidis
62
Cushing's Syndrome
High cortisol d/t: pituitary tumor, small cell lung tumor, adrenal tumor
63
Cushing's Disease
High cortisol d/t: pituitary tumor or small cell lung cancer
64
Nelson's Syndrome
Hyperpigmentation after adrenalectomy
65
Low Dose Dexamethasone Test - Suppresses
Normal, obese, depressed
66
Low Dose Dexamethasone Test - Doesn't Suppress
Cushing's - do High dose test
67
High Dose Dexamethasone Test - Suppresses
Pituitary Tumor
68
High Dose Dexamethasone Test - Doesn't Suppress
Check ACTH High = small cell lung cancer Low = adrenal adenoma
69
Survival Hormones
``` Cortisol = permissive under stress TSH = permissive under normal ```
70
Epinephrine
Gluconeogenesis | Glycogenolysis
71
Erythropoietin
Makes RBCs
72
Gastrin
Stimulates parietal cells to release IF and H+
73
Pygmie
No somatomedin receptors
74
Achondroplasia
Abnormal FGF receptors in extremities
75
Midget
Low somatomedin receptor sensitivity
76
Acromegaly
``` Adult bones stretch Coarse facial features Large furrowed tongue Deep, husky voice Jaw protrusion Increased IGF-1 d/t GH tumor ```
77
Gigantism
Childhood acromegaly
78
GIP
Enhances insulin action | Leads to post-prandial hypoglycemia
79
Glucagon
Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Lipolysis Ketogenesis
80
Insulin
Pushed glucose into cells with K+
81
Type I DM
``` Anti-islet cell Ab GAD Ab Cocksackie B virus Low insulin DKA ```
82
Type II DM
Insulin receptor insensitivity High insulin HONK Acanthosis nigricans
83
DKA presentation
Kussmaul's breathing Fruity breath (acetone) Altered mental status
84
Dawn Phenomenon
AM hyperglycemia d/t GH
85
Somogyi Effect
AM hyperglycemia d/t PM hypoglycemia
86
Insulinoma
Tumor | High insulin, High C-peptide
87
Factitious Hypoglycemia
Insulin injection | High insulin, Low C-peptide
88
Erythrasma
Rash in skin folds
89
Metabolic Syndrome X
``` Pre-DM: HTN Dyslipidemia Hyperinsulinemia Acanthosis nigricans ```
90
Foot ulcer risk factors
DM Male smoker Bony abnormalities Previous ulcers
91
Conditions that cause weight gain
``` Obesity Hypothyroidism Depression Cushing's Anasarca ```
92
Motilin
Stimulates segmentation - primary peristalsis
93
Prolactin
Milk production
94
PTH
Chews up bone
95
Vitamin D
Builds bone
96
Parathyroid Chief Cells secrete
PTH
97
Stomach Chief Cells secrete
Pepsin
98
Difference between NE and Epinephrine
``` NE = NT Epinephrine = homone ```
99
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
100
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure
101
Familial hypocalcuria hypercalcemia
Decreased Ca2+ excretion
102
If serum Ca2+ and P change in same direction
Vitamin D Both decrease = deficiency Both increase = toxicity
103
If serum Ca2+ and P change in opposite directions
PTH problem High Ca2+ = Hyperparathyroidism Low Ca2+ = Hypoparathyroidism
104
MCC Primary Hypoparathyroism
Thyroidectomy
105
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Bad kidney PTH receptor | Decreased urinary cAMP
106
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
G-protein defect | No Ca2+ problem
107
Hungry Bone Syndrome
Remove PTH and bone sucks in Ca2+
108
Secretin
Secretion of bicarb Inhibit gastrin Tighten pyloric sphincter
109
T3 and T4
Growth and differentiation
110
Disease with exopthalmos
Grave's
111
Disease with enopthalmos
Horner's
112
Hyperthyroid Diseases
``` Grave's DeQuervain's Silent Plummer's Jod-Basedow ```
113
Grave's
Hyperthyroid Exophthalmos Pretibial myxedema TSH receptor Ab
114
DeQuervain's
Hyperthyroid Viral Painful in jaw
115
Silent Thyroiditis
Hyperthyroid | Post-partum
116
Plummer's
Hyperthyroid Benign adenoma Old person
117
Jod-Basedow
Transient hyperthyroid d/t increased iodine
118
Hypothyroid Diseases
``` Hashimoto's Reidel's Struma Cretinism Euthryroid Sick Syndrome Wolff-Chaikoff ```
119
Hashimoto's
Hypothyroid Antimicrosomial Ab TPO Ab
120
Reidel's Struma
Hypothyroid | Woody Neck
121
Cretinism
Hypothyroid mom and baby | Freak features
122
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
Low T3 Syndrome
123
Wolff-Chaikoff
Transient hypothyroidism
124
Testosterone
External male genetalia
125
Mullerian Inhibiting Factor
Internal male genetalia
126
TPO and Thymosin
Help T-cells mature
127
VIP
Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK
128
VIPoma presentation
Watery diarrhea
129
Somatostatinoma presentation
Constipation
130
Hormones with disulfide bonds
``` PIGI: Prolactin Inhibin GH Insulin ```
131
Hormones with same alpha subunits
LH FSH TSH beta HCG
132
Hormones that produce acidophils
GH | PRL
133
Hormones that produce basophils
FSH LH ACTH TSH
134
Hormones released from posterior pituitary
ADH (supraoptic nucleus) | Oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus)

PP Clues (14 decks)

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