PP Clues - Cardiology Flashcards by Jane O'Connor

Organs with resistance in series

Liver and Kidney

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Organs with resistance in parallel

Everything but liver and kidney

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Organ with highest AV-O2 difference at rest

Heart

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Organ with highest AV-O2 difference after exercise

Muscle

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Organ with highest AV-O2 difference after a meal

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Organ with highest AV-O2 difference during an exam

Brain

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Organ with the lowest AV-O2 difference

Kidney

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Type A thoracic aortic dissection

Ascending aorta

Associated with cystic medial necrosis and syphilis

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Type B thoracic aortic dissection

Descending aorta

Associated with trauma and atherosclerosis

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Layers of a true aortic aneurysm

Intima, media, adventicia

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Layers of a pseudo aortic aneurysm

Intima and media

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Pulse Pressure

Systolic - Diastolic

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Vessel with thickest layer of SM

Aorta

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Vessels with the most SM

Arterioles

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Vessels with the largest cross sectional area

Capillaries

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Vessel with the highest compliance

Aorta

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Vessels with the highest capacitance

Veins and venules

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Max HR

220 - age

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Stable Angina

Pain on exertion

Associated with atherosclerosis

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Unstable Angina

Pain at rest

Associated with transient clots

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Prinzmetal Angina

Intermittent pain at rest

Associated with coronary artery spasm

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Stain to see Amyloidosis

Congo Red - apple green birefringence

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Hemochomatosis

Iron deposition in organs

Hyperpigmentation, arthritis, DM

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Cardiac Tamponade

Pressure equalized in all 4 chambers
Quiet precordium
No pulse or BP
Kussmaul's sign
Pulsus paradoxus (decreased systolic pressure > 10mmHg on inspiration)

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Transudate

Effusion of mostly water 1 = Too much water (HF and renal failure) 2 = Not enough protein (cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome)

Exudate

``` Effusion of mostly protein Purulent = bacteria Hemorrhagic = trauma, cancer, PE Fibrinous = collagen vascular disease, uremia, TB Granulomatous = non-bacterial ```

Systole

Ventricular contaction Decrease in blood flow to the coronary arteries Increased O2 extraction

Diastole

Ventricular relaxation Increase in blood flow to coronary arteries Decreased O2 extraction

Only arteries with deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary and Umbilical

Murmur with Waterhammer Pulse

Aortic Regurgitation

Murmur with Pulsus Tardus

Aortic Stenosis

Cardiomyopathy with Pulsus Alternans

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Disease with Pulsus Bigeminus

IHSS/HOCM

Murmur with irregularly irregular pulse

AFib

Murmur with regularly irregular pulse

PVCs

Murmur radiates to carotids

Aortic

Murmur radiates to axilla

Mitral

Murmur radiates to back

Pulmonary

Boot shaped XR

RVH

Banana shaped XR

IHSS/HOCM

Egg shaped XR

Transposition of the Great Arteries

Snowman shaped XR

TAPVR

3 shaped XR

Coarctation of aorta

Osler Weber Rendu

AVM in lung, gut, CNS | Sequester platelets leading to telangiectasias

Von Hippel Lindau

AVM in head and retina | Increased risk of renal carcinoma

When valves make noise

When they close

Valves that make noise at the start of systole

M and T (S1)

Murmurs that occur during systole

``` Holo/pansystolic = MR, TR, VSD Ejection = AS, PS ```

Valves that make noise at the start of diastole

``` Blowing = AR, PR Rumbling = MS, TS ```

Continuous Bruit

PDA and AVM

Friction rub while breathing

Pleuritis

Friction rub while holding breath

Pericarditis

Mid-Systolic Click

MVP

Ejection Click

AS, PS

Opening Snap

MS, TS

S2 Splitting

Normal on inspiration | Pulmonic valve closes later

Wide S2 Split

Increased O2 Increased RV volume Delayed PV opening RBBB

Fixed, Wide S2 Split

ASD

Paradoxical S2 Split

Aortic Stenosis LBBB Aortic valve closes after Pulmonic

Cor Pulmonale

Pulmonary HTN --> RV failure

Eisenmenger's

Pulmonary HTN --> reversal of L to R shunt to R to L shunt

Transposition of Great Arteries

Aorticopulmonary septum did not spiral

Tetralogy of Fallot

Overriding aorta PS RVH VSD

Truncus Arteriosus

Spiral membrane didn't develop (NC origin) | One A/P trunk (mixed blood)

Epstein's Anomaly

Tricuspid valve sits low --> large RA | Teratogenic effects of Lithium

Cinchonism

Hearing loss Tinitus Thrombocytopenia

Cyanotic Heart Diseases

``` Transposition of Great Arteries Tetralogy of Fallot Truncus Arteriosus Tricuspid/Aortic/Pulmonic Atresia TAPVR Hypoplastic Left Heart syndrome Epstein's Anomaly ```

Machine-like Murmur

PDA | AVM

Heart Block Clues

Pain or Fever with a normal HR (HR should increase by 10 for every degree increase)

Ion important for P-wave

Ca2+

Ion important for QRS

Na+

Ion important for T-wave

K+

Ion important for U-wave

K+

MC non-cyanotic congenital heart disease

VSD ASD PDA Coarctation of Aorta

MI Enzymes | Appear, Peak, Disappear

Troponin I (2 hrs, 2 days, 7 days) CKMB (6 hrs, 12 hrs, 2 days) LDH (1 day, 2 days, 3 days)