PP Clues - Biochemistry Flashcards
1
Q
Most common intracellular buffer
A
Protein
2
Q
Most common extracellular buffer
A
Bicarbonate
3
Q
Best AA buffer in the body
A
Histidine
4
Q
RLE Glycolysis
A
PFK-1
5
Q
RLE Gluconeogenesis
A
Pyruvate Carboxylase
6
Q
RLE HMP Shunt
A
G6PD
7
Q
RLE Glycogenesis
A
Glycogen Sythase
8
Q
RLE Glycogenolysis
A
Glycogen Phosphorylase
9
Q
RLE FA Synthesis
A
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
10
Q
RLE Beta-Oxidation
A
CAT-1
11
Q
RLE Cholesterol Synthesis
A
HMG CoA Reductase
12
Q
RLE Ketogenesis
A
HMG CoA Synthase
13
Q
RLE Purine Synthesis
A
PRPP Synthase
14
Q
RLE Pyrimidine Synthesis
A
ASP Transcarbamoylase
15
Q
RLE TCA Cycle
A
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
16
Q
RLE Urea Cycle
A
CPS-1
17
Q
RLE Heme Synthesis
A
Delta-ala Synthase
18
Q
Isomerase
A
Same chemical make up but different structure
Glucose –> Fructose
19
Q
Epimerase
A
Differs around 1 chiral carbon
Glucose –> Galactose
20
Q
Mutase
A
Intrachain movement of sidechain from 1 C to another
21
Q
Transferase
A
Extrachain movement of sidechain from 1 substrate to another
22
Q
Kinase
A
Phosphorylates using ATP
23
Q
Phosphorylase
A
Phosphorylates using Pi
24
Q
Carboxylase
A
Forms C-C bond using ATP and Biotin
25
Synthase
Consumes 2 substrates
26
Synthetase
Consumes 2 substrates using ATP
27
Phosphatase
Breaks P bond
28
Lyase
Cuts C-C bonds using ATP
29
Dehydrogenase
Removes H with cofactor
30
Thio
Breaks S bond
31
Zero Order Kinetics
Constant drug amount metabolized over time
| Independent of concentration
32
First Order Kinetics
Constant drug percentage metabolized over time
| Dependent on concentration
33
What is efficacy and what affects it?
Max effect regardless of dose
| Vmax
34
What is potency and what affects it?
Amount of drug needed to produce effect
| Km
35
Kd
Concentration of drug that binds 50% of receptors
36
EC 50
Concentration of drug that produces 50% of maximal response
37
Competitive Inhibition
Binds at active site, potency decreases, Km increases
38
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Binds at regulatory site, efficacy decreases, Vmax decreases, Km no change
39
Endothermic reaction
Consumes heat
40
Exothermic reaction
Gives off heat
41
Peak level
4 hours after dose (if too high, decrease dose)
42
Trough level
2 hours before dose (if too high, give less often)
43
Half Life (t1/2)
Time it takes for the body to use half of the drug ingested
44
Von Gierke's
Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
Hypoglycemia
Hepatosplenomegaly
45
Pompe's
Alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency
| Cardiac
46
Cori's
Debranching enzyme deficiency
| Short branches of glycogen
47
Anderson's
Branching enzyme deficiency
| Long chains of glycogen
48
McArdle's
Muscle phosphorylase deficiency
| Muscle cramps with exercise
49
Essential Fructosuria
```
Fructokinase deficiency
Excrete fructose (still have hexokinase)
```
50
Fructosemia
Aldolase B deficiency
Fructose intolertance
Liver damage
51
Galactosuria
Galactokinase deficiency
| Cataracts
52
Galactosemia
Galactose-1-uridyl-transferase deficiency
Cataracts
MR
Liver damage
53
Citrate Shuttle
FA transport out of mitochondria
54
Carnitine Shuttle
FA transport into mitochondria
55
Lysosomal diseases with cherry red spot
Tay Sachs
| Niemann Pick
56
Lysosomal diseases with gargoyle face
Gaucher's
| Hurler's
57
Tay Sachs
```
Hexosaminidase A deficiency
Blindness
Incoordination
Dementia
NO organomegaly
```
58
Sandhoff's
Hexosaminidase A/B deficiency
| Worse
59
Gaucher's
Glucocerebrosidase deficiency
Wrinkled tissue - crumpled paper macrophage
Bone pain
60
Niemann Pick
Sphingomyelinase deficiency
Zebra bodies
Organomegaly
61
Fabry's
Alpha-galactosidase deficiency
X-linked
Corneal clouding
Attacks baby's kidneys
62
Krabbe's
Beta-galactosidase deficiency
Globoid bodies
Neuropathy
Eye issues
63
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Arylsulfatase deficiency
| Childhood MS
64
Hunter's
Iduronidase deficiency
XR
Milder
(MPS II)
65
Hurler's
Iduronidase deficiency
AR
Worse
(MPS I)
66
Lesch-Nyhan
HGPRT deficiency
Gout
Neuropathy
Self-mutilation
67
White diaper crystals
Excess orotic acid
68
What does Biotin donate methyl groups to?
Carboxylation
69
What does THF donate methyl groups to?
Nucleotides
70
What does SAM donate methyl groups to?
Everything else (not carboxylation or nucleotides)
71
Difference between Heterochromatin and Euchromatin
```
H = tight (inactive)
E = loose (active)
```
72
Purines
A, G
73
Pyrimidines
C, U, T
74
Silent Mutation
Change base, codes for same AA
75
Point Mutation
Change in one base
76
Transition Mutation
Pur --> Pur
77
Transversion Mutation
Pur --> Pyr
78
Frameshift Mutation
+/- 1 or 2 bases
79
Missense Mutation
Change base, codes for different AA
80
Nonsense Mutation
Early stop codon
81
Southern Blot
DNA
82
Northern Blot
RNA
83
Western Blot
Protein
84
Essential AA
```
PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Leucine
```
85
Essential FA
Linolenic Acid
| Linoleic Acid
86
Acidic AA
Aspartate
| Glutamate
87
Basic AA
Lysine
| Arginine
88
Sulfur containing AA
Cysteine
| Methionine
89
O-bond AA
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
90
N-bond AA
Asparagine
| Glutamine
91
Branched AA
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
92
Aromatic AA
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
93
Smallest AA
Glycine
94
Disulfide bond making AA
Cysteine
| Methionine
95
Excitatory for CNS AA
Asparagine
96
Catecholamine making AA
Tyrosine
97
AA causes kinks
Proline
98
AA used to make CYS
Methionine
99
Ketogenic
Made from and broken down to Acetyl CoA
| Lysine and Leucine
100
Glucogenic
Made from and broken down to anything but Acetyl CoA
101
Both Ketogenic and Glucogenic
```
PITT
Phenylalanine
Isoleucine
Threonine
Tryptophan
```
102
Hydrophobic AA
Valine
Alanine
Isoleucine
103
What AAs do Trypsin cut?
Lysine
| Arginine
104
What AAs do Beta-ME cut?
Cysteine
| Methionine
105
What AAs does Acid Hydrolysis cut?
Asparagine
| Glutamine
106
What AAs do Chymotrypsin cut?
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
107
What AA turns yellow on Nihydrin Reaction?
Proline
108
What does Carboxypeptidase cut?
Left of any AA on the carboxy terminal
109
What does Aminopeptidase cut?
Right of any AA on the amino terminal
110
What does Mercaptoethanol cut?
Right of Cysteine and Methionine
111
What does Elastase cut?
Right of Glycine, Alanine, Serine
112
What does Alpha-1-antitrypsin do?
Inhibit trypsin from getting loose
113
PKU
Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
No phenylalanine to tyrosine - deficient in tyrosine (blonde, blue eyes, fair skin)
Build up of phenyl-pyruvate/acetate (musty odor)
MR
Nutrisweet sensitivity
114
Albinism
Tyrosinase deficiency
| No tyrosine to melanin
115
MSUD
Defective metabolism of branched chain AA
| Defect in nephron transport system
116
Homocystinuria
```
No homocysteine to cysteine
Results in "COLA" stones
Cysteine
Ornithine
Lysine
Arginine
```
117
Pellagra
```
Niacin (B3) deficiency
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death
```
118
Hartnup's
Tryptophan deficiency
No niacin or serotonin
Pellagra-like presentation
Corn-rich diet
119
Anterior leg bowing
Neonatal syphilis
120
Lateral leg bowing
Ricketts
121
Kwashiorkor
Protein deficiency
Ascities (big belly)
Malabsorption
122
Marasmus
Calorie deficiency
Skinny
Starvation
123
Where does the Pre label send stuff to?
ER
124
Where does the Pro label send stuff to?
Golgi
125
Where does the Mannose-6-P send stuff to?
Lysosome
126
Where does the N-terminal sequence send stuff to?
Mitochondria
127
4 types of Collagen
```
SCAB
Type I: Skin, Bone
Type II: CT, Aqueous Humor
Type III: Arteries
Type IV: Basement Membrane
```
128
Scleroderma presentation
Tight skin
129
Ehlers Danlos presentation
Hyperstretchable skin
| Hyperextensible joints
130
Marfan's presentation
```
Wing span longer than height
Arachnodactyly
Aortic root dilation, aortic aneurysm
MVP
Dislocated lens from the bottom (look up)
```
131
Homocysteinuria presentation
Marfanoid
| Dislocated lens from the top (look down)
132
Minky Kinky Hair presentation
Cu deficiency
| Hair looks like Cu wire
133
Scurvy presentation
Bleeding gums and hair follicles
134
Takayasu Arteritis presentation
Asian female with very weak pulses
| Granulomatous arteritis
135
Osteogenesis Imperfecta presentation
Shattered bones
| Blue sclera
136
Diseases associated with Glycolysis
```
Galactosuria
Galactosemia
Fructosuria
Fructosemia
Pyruvate Kinase deficiency
```
137
Diseases associated with Pyruvate Metabolism
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase deficiency
138
Diseases associated with HMP Shunt
G6PD deficiency
139
Diseases associated with Glycogenesis/Glycogenolysis
```
Von Gierke's
Pompe's
Cori's
Anderson's
McArdle's
```
140
Diseases associated with Gluconeogenesis
Von Gierke's
141
Diseases associated with AA derivatives
```
Albinism
Carcinoid
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Porphyria Cutanea Tardis
Lead Poisoning
Hemolytic Anemia
UDP Glucoronyl Transferase
```
142
Diseases associated with AA Synthesis/Metabolism
```
Hartnup's
PKU
Alkaptonuria
Homocysteinuria
Cystinuria
MSUD
Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase deficiency Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase deficiency
```
143
Diseases associated with Urea Cycle
CPS deficiency
| Ornithine Transcarbamoylase deficiency
144
Diseases associated with FA Synthesis/Oxidation
Myopathic CAT/CPT deficiency
| Medium Chain Acyl-dehydrogenase deficiency
145
Diseases associated with Ketone Body Metabolism
DKA, Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
146
Diseases associated with Lipoprotein Transport/Metabolism
Hyperlipidemias
147
Diseases associated with Lipid Derivatives
```
Tay Sachs
Niemann Pick
Gaucher
Fabry
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Hunter (MPS II)
Hurler (MPS I)
```
