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PP Clues > PP Clues - Biochemistry > Flashcards

PP Clues - Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Most common intracellular buffer

A

Protein

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2
Q

Most common extracellular buffer

A

Bicarbonate

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3
Q

Best AA buffer in the body

A

Histidine

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4
Q

RLE Glycolysis

A

PFK-1

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5
Q

RLE Gluconeogenesis

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase

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6
Q

RLE HMP Shunt

A

G6PD

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7
Q

RLE Glycogenesis

A

Glycogen Sythase

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8
Q

RLE Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

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9
Q

RLE FA Synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

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10
Q

RLE Beta-Oxidation

A

CAT-1

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11
Q

RLE Cholesterol Synthesis

A

HMG CoA Reductase

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12
Q

RLE Ketogenesis

A

HMG CoA Synthase

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13
Q

RLE Purine Synthesis

A

PRPP Synthase

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14
Q

RLE Pyrimidine Synthesis

A

ASP Transcarbamoylase

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15
Q

RLE TCA Cycle

A

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

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16
Q

RLE Urea Cycle

A

CPS-1

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17
Q

RLE Heme Synthesis

A

Delta-ala Synthase

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18
Q

Isomerase

A

Same chemical make up but different structure

Glucose –> Fructose

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19
Q

Epimerase

A

Differs around 1 chiral carbon

Glucose –> Galactose

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20
Q

Mutase

A

Intrachain movement of sidechain from 1 C to another

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21
Q

Transferase

A

Extrachain movement of sidechain from 1 substrate to another

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22
Q

Kinase

A

Phosphorylates using ATP

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23
Q

Phosphorylase

A

Phosphorylates using Pi

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24
Q

Carboxylase

A

Forms C-C bond using ATP and Biotin

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25
Q

Synthase

A

Consumes 2 substrates

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26
Q

Synthetase

A

Consumes 2 substrates using ATP

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27
Q

Phosphatase

A

Breaks P bond

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28
Q

Lyase

A

Cuts C-C bonds using ATP

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29
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

Removes H with cofactor

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30
Q

Thio

A

Breaks S bond

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31
Q

Zero Order Kinetics

A

Constant drug amount metabolized over time

Independent of concentration

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32
Q

First Order Kinetics

A

Constant drug percentage metabolized over time

Dependent on concentration

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33
Q

What is efficacy and what affects it?

A

Max effect regardless of dose

Vmax

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34
Q

What is potency and what affects it?

A

Amount of drug needed to produce effect

Km

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35
Q

Kd

A

Concentration of drug that binds 50% of receptors

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36
Q

EC 50

A

Concentration of drug that produces 50% of maximal response

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37
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Binds at active site, potency decreases, Km increases

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38
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

Binds at regulatory site, efficacy decreases, Vmax decreases, Km no change

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39
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

Consumes heat

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40
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

Gives off heat

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41
Q

Peak level

A

4 hours after dose (if too high, decrease dose)

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42
Q

Trough level

A

2 hours before dose (if too high, give less often)

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43
Q

Half Life (t1/2)

A

Time it takes for the body to use half of the drug ingested

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44
Q

Von Gierke’s

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
Hypoglycemia
Hepatosplenomegaly

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45
Q

Pompe’s

A

Alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency

Cardiac

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46
Q

Cori’s

A

Debranching enzyme deficiency

Short branches of glycogen

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47
Q

Anderson’s

A

Branching enzyme deficiency

Long chains of glycogen

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48
Q

McArdle’s

A

Muscle phosphorylase deficiency

Muscle cramps with exercise

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49
Q

Essential Fructosuria

A 
Fructokinase deficiency
Excrete fructose (still have hexokinase)
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50
Q

Fructosemia

A

Aldolase B deficiency
Fructose intolertance
Liver damage

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51
Q

Galactosuria

A

Galactokinase deficiency

Cataracts

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52
Q

Galactosemia

A

Galactose-1-uridyl-transferase deficiency
Cataracts
MR
Liver damage

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53
Q

Citrate Shuttle

A

FA transport out of mitochondria

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54
Q

Carnitine Shuttle

A

FA transport into mitochondria

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55
Q

Lysosomal diseases with cherry red spot

A

Tay Sachs

Niemann Pick

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56
Q

Lysosomal diseases with gargoyle face

A

Gaucher’s

Hurler’s

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57
Q

Tay Sachs

A 
Hexosaminidase A deficiency 
Blindness
Incoordination
Dementia
NO organomegaly
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58
Q

Sandhoff’s

A

Hexosaminidase A/B deficiency

Worse

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59
Q

Gaucher’s

A

Glucocerebrosidase deficiency
Wrinkled tissue - crumpled paper macrophage
Bone pain

60
Q

Niemann Pick

A

Sphingomyelinase deficiency
Zebra bodies
Organomegaly

61
Q

Fabry’s

A

Alpha-galactosidase deficiency
X-linked
Corneal clouding
Attacks baby’s kidneys

62
Q

Krabbe’s

A

Beta-galactosidase deficiency
Globoid bodies
Neuropathy
Eye issues

63
Q

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

A

Arylsulfatase deficiency

Childhood MS

64
Q

Hunter’s

A

Iduronidase deficiency
XR
Milder
(MPS II)

65
Q

Hurler’s

A

Iduronidase deficiency
AR
Worse
(MPS I)

66
Q

Lesch-Nyhan

A

HGPRT deficiency
Gout
Neuropathy
Self-mutilation

67
Q

White diaper crystals

A

Excess orotic acid

68
Q

What does Biotin donate methyl groups to?

A

Carboxylation

69
Q

What does THF donate methyl groups to?

A

Nucleotides

70
Q

What does SAM donate methyl groups to?

A

Everything else (not carboxylation or nucleotides)

71
Q

Difference between Heterochromatin and Euchromatin

A 
H = tight (inactive)
E = loose (active)
72
Q

Purines

A

A, G

73
Q

Pyrimidines

A

C, U, T

74
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Change base, codes for same AA

75
Q

Point Mutation

A

Change in one base

76
Q

Transition Mutation

A

Pur –> Pur

77
Q

Transversion Mutation

A

Pur –> Pyr

78
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

+/- 1 or 2 bases

79
Q

Missense Mutation

A

Change base, codes for different AA

80
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Early stop codon

81
Q

Southern Blot

A

DNA

82
Q

Northern Blot

A

RNA

83
Q

Western Blot

A

Protein

84
Q

Essential AA

A 
PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan 
Threonine 
Isoleucine 
Methionine 
Histidine 
Arginine 
Lysine
Leucine
85
Q

Essential FA

A

Linolenic Acid

Linoleic Acid

86
Q

Acidic AA

A

Aspartate

Glutamate

87
Q

Basic AA

A

Lysine

Arginine

88
Q

Sulfur containing AA

A

Cysteine

Methionine

89
Q

O-bond AA

A

Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine

90
Q

N-bond AA

A

Asparagine

Glutamine

91
Q

Branched AA

A

Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine

92
Q

Aromatic AA

A

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan

93
Q

Smallest AA

A

Glycine

94
Q

Disulfide bond making AA

A

Cysteine

Methionine

95
Q

Excitatory for CNS AA

A

Asparagine

96
Q

Catecholamine making AA

A

Tyrosine

97
Q

AA causes kinks

A

Proline

98
Q

AA used to make CYS

A

Methionine

99
Q

Ketogenic

A

Made from and broken down to Acetyl CoA

Lysine and Leucine

100
Q

Glucogenic

A

Made from and broken down to anything but Acetyl CoA

101
Q

Both Ketogenic and Glucogenic

A 
PITT
Phenylalanine
Isoleucine 
Threonine 
Tryptophan
102
Q

Hydrophobic AA

A

Valine
Alanine
Isoleucine

103
Q

What AAs do Trypsin cut?

A

Lysine

Arginine

104
Q

What AAs do Beta-ME cut?

A

Cysteine

Methionine

105
Q

What AAs does Acid Hydrolysis cut?

A

Asparagine

Glutamine

106
Q

What AAs do Chymotrypsin cut?

A

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan

107
Q

What AA turns yellow on Nihydrin Reaction?

A

Proline

108
Q

What does Carboxypeptidase cut?

A

Left of any AA on the carboxy terminal

109
Q

What does Aminopeptidase cut?

A

Right of any AA on the amino terminal

110
Q

What does Mercaptoethanol cut?

A

Right of Cysteine and Methionine

111
Q

What does Elastase cut?

A

Right of Glycine, Alanine, Serine

112
Q

What does Alpha-1-antitrypsin do?

A

Inhibit trypsin from getting loose

113
Q

PKU

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
No phenylalanine to tyrosine - deficient in tyrosine (blonde, blue eyes, fair skin)
Build up of phenyl-pyruvate/acetate (musty odor)
MR
Nutrisweet sensitivity

114
Q

Albinism

A

Tyrosinase deficiency

No tyrosine to melanin

115
Q

MSUD

A

Defective metabolism of branched chain AA

Defect in nephron transport system

116
Q

Homocystinuria

A 
No homocysteine to cysteine 
Results in "COLA" stones
Cysteine
Ornithine 
Lysine
Arginine
117
Q

Pellagra

A 
Niacin (B3) deficiency 
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death
118
Q

Hartnup’s

A

Tryptophan deficiency
No niacin or serotonin
Pellagra-like presentation
Corn-rich diet

119
Q

Anterior leg bowing

A

Neonatal syphilis

120
Q

Lateral leg bowing

A

Ricketts

121
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Protein deficiency
Ascities (big belly)
Malabsorption

122
Q

Marasmus

A

Calorie deficiency
Skinny
Starvation

123
Q

Where does the Pre label send stuff to?

A

ER

124
Q

Where does the Pro label send stuff to?

A

Golgi

125
Q

Where does the Mannose-6-P send stuff to?

A

Lysosome

126
Q

Where does the N-terminal sequence send stuff to?

A

Mitochondria

127
Q

4 types of Collagen

A 
SCAB
Type I: Skin, Bone
Type II: CT, Aqueous Humor
Type III: Arteries
Type IV: Basement Membrane
128
Q

Scleroderma presentation

A

Tight skin

129
Q

Ehlers Danlos presentation

A

Hyperstretchable skin

Hyperextensible joints

130
Q

Marfan’s presentation

A 
Wing span longer than height
Arachnodactyly 
Aortic root dilation, aortic aneurysm 
MVP
Dislocated lens from the bottom (look up)
131
Q

Homocysteinuria presentation

A

Marfanoid

Dislocated lens from the top (look down)

132
Q

Minky Kinky Hair presentation

A

Cu deficiency

Hair looks like Cu wire

133
Q

Scurvy presentation

A

Bleeding gums and hair follicles

134
Q

Takayasu Arteritis presentation

A

Asian female with very weak pulses

Granulomatous arteritis

135
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta presentation

A

Shattered bones

Blue sclera

136
Q

Diseases associated with Glycolysis

A 
Galactosuria
Galactosemia
Fructosuria
Fructosemia
Pyruvate Kinase deficiency
137
Q

Diseases associated with Pyruvate Metabolism

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase deficiency

138
Q

Diseases associated with HMP Shunt

A

G6PD deficiency

139
Q

Diseases associated with Glycogenesis/Glycogenolysis

A 
Von Gierke's
Pompe's
Cori's
Anderson's
McArdle's
140
Q

Diseases associated with Gluconeogenesis

A

Von Gierke’s

141
Q

Diseases associated with AA derivatives

A 
Albinism
Carcinoid
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Porphyria Cutanea Tardis
Lead Poisoning
Hemolytic Anemia 
UDP Glucoronyl Transferase
142
Q

Diseases associated with AA Synthesis/Metabolism

A 
Hartnup's
PKU
Alkaptonuria
Homocysteinuria
Cystinuria
MSUD
Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase deficiency Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase deficiency
143
Q

Diseases associated with Urea Cycle

A

CPS deficiency

Ornithine Transcarbamoylase deficiency

144
Q

Diseases associated with FA Synthesis/Oxidation

A

Myopathic CAT/CPT deficiency

Medium Chain Acyl-dehydrogenase deficiency

145
Q

Diseases associated with Ketone Body Metabolism

A

DKA, Alcoholic Ketoacidosis

146
Q

Diseases associated with Lipoprotein Transport/Metabolism

A

Hyperlipidemias

147
Q

Diseases associated with Lipid Derivatives

A 
Tay Sachs
Niemann Pick
Gaucher
Fabry
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Hunter (MPS II)
Hurler (MPS I)

PP Clues (14 decks)

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