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PP Clues > PP Clues - Cell Physiology > Flashcards

PP Clues - Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

3 exceptions to the water out, fat in rule

A

Channels
Pores
Transmembrane proteins

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2
Q

RDA for fats, carbs, proteins

A 
Fat = 30% (9cal/g)
Proteins = 30% (4 cal/g)
Carbohydrates = 40% (4cal/g)
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3
Q

7 functions of a cell membrane

A 
Provide structure
Transport (Motility)
Active transport
Heat/temp regulation 
Maintain gradient
Depolarization 
Signal transduction
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4
Q

Membrane transportation in a cell

A

Phagocytosis

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5
Q

Bringing something into a cell

A

Endocytosis

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6
Q

Removing something from a cell

A

Exocytosis

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7
Q

Bring water into a cell

A

Pinocytosis

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8
Q

Two things required for cellular transport

A

ATP and Actin

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9
Q

Most important substance that is endocytosed

A

Nutrition

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10
Q

Most important substance that is exocytosed

A

Waste

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11
Q

Most important waste product produced by cells

A

Lipofuscin (brown pigment)

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12
Q

Most important factor in the movement of particles

A

Concentration gradient

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13
Q

How do you concentrate any substance in the body?

A

ATPase

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14
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Going with concentration gradient using another substance’s gradient

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15
Q

Most common gradient used for secondary active transport

A

Na+

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16
Q

Fat soluble and steroid hormone receptors

A

Have nuclear membrane receptors (except cortisol)

Readily cross the membrane

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17
Q

How do nuclear receptors work?

A

Stimulate the nucleus to perform DNA replication, transcription, translation into proteins by which they manifest their actions

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18
Q

How to differentiate between one fat soluble hormone and another?

A

By the proteins they make

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19
Q

Factors affecting transportation of water-soluble compounds

A 
Size
Charge
pH 
Surface area
Membrane thickness
Flux
Reflection coefficient 
Fick's law
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20
Q

How do ions cross membranes?

A

Channels

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21
Q

How do medium-sized particles cross membranes?

A

Pores

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22
Q

How do larger molecules cross membranes?

A

Transport proteins

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23
Q

How the body gets rid of heat

A

Vasodilate

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24
Q

How the body keeps heat

A

Vasoconstricts

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25
Q

Most important substance transported through pores

A

Sweat (NaCl and water)

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26
Q

Hormones that have cell membrane receptors

A

Non-steroid hormones

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27
Q

Most common extracellular cations/anions

A

Sodium/Chloride

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28
Q

Most common intracellular cations/anions

A

Potassium/Proteins

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29
Q

Tissues best at depolarizing

A

Neuronal and Purkinje fibers

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30
Q

Type of hormones that have second messengers

A

Water-soluble (protein)

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31
Q

Location of protein hormone receptors

A

Cell membrane

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32
Q

Reflection coefficient for protein hormones

A

Close to 1

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33
Q

6 classes of second messengers

A 
cAMP
cGMP
IP3/DAG
Ca2+
Tyrosine Kinase
Nitric Oxide
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34
Q

Action of cAMP

A

2nd messenger for sympathetics

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35
Q

Action of cGMP

A

2nd messenger for parasympathetics

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36
Q

Action of IP3/DAG

A

2nd messenger for all hypothalamic hormone (except CRH)

All SM contraction by hormone or NT

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37
Q

Action of Ca2+ as a second messenger

A

Stimulates Gastrin

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38
Q

Action of tyrosine kinase

A

2nd messenger for insulin and all GF

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39
Q

Action of nitric oxide

A

2nd messenger for nitrates

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40
Q

MC second messenger system

A

cAMP

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41
Q

Hormones activated by phosphorylation

A

Catabolic

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42
Q

Hormones activated by dephosphorylation

A

Anabolic

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43
Q

Enzyme that breaks down cAMP

A

Phosphodiesterase

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44
Q

Inhibits phosphodiesterase

A

Caffeine

Theophylline

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45
Q

Bacteria that ADP-ribosylates Gs subunit of the G-protein

A

ETEC

Vibrio

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46
Q

Bacteria that ADP-ribosylates Gi subunit of the G-protein

A

Pertussis

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47
Q

Bacteria that ADP-ribosylates EF2

A

Diphtheria

Pseudomonas

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48
Q

Action of nitric oxide

A

Increases cGMP

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49
Q

2nd messenger systems enhanced by increase Ca2+

A

IP3/DAG
Ca2+/Calmodulin
Ca2+

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50
Q

Hypertensive medications that vaso & veno dilate

A

Nitrates

ACE inhibitors

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51
Q

Substances that use nitric oxide as second messenger

A

ANP
Endotoxin
Viagra (Sildenafil)
All nitrates

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52
Q

Nitrate used to TX cyanide poisoning

A

Amyl nitrate

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53
Q

Nitrate given IV or S/L for chest pain

A

Nitroglyceine

54
Q

Nitrate used to TX HTN crisis

A

Sodium nitroprusside

55
Q

Function of SER

A

Detoxification and steroid synthesis

56
Q

Function of RER

A

Makes proteins for packaging

57
Q

Function of Free Ribosomes

A

Makes proteins for cytoplasm

58
Q

Function of Lysosome

A

Degradation of waste

59
Q

Function of Golgi

A

Post-translational modifications of proteins

60
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

Makes energy

61
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

Contains all genetic information

62
Q

Function of Nucleolus

A

Produces Ribosomal RNA

63
Q

Damage to these organelles is irreversible

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes

64
Q

Organ that uses SER for detoxification

A

Kidney

65
Q

Organ that uses SER for steroid synthesis

A

Liver

66
Q

Form of proteins when they start off

A

Pre-Pro-Protein

67
Q

Only protein fully modified in the RER

A

Collagen

68
Q

Where all proteins fully modified

A

Golgi

69
Q

Tissues with the most SER

A

Liver and Kidney

70
Q

Substances lysosomes have a lot of

A

Acid hydrolases

71
Q

What do acid hydrolases do to the pH of lysosomes?

A

Decrease pH –> makes it acidic

72
Q

Structure formed when lysosome phagocytoses something

A

Phagosome of a phagolysosome

73
Q

Component of TB that prevents phagocytosis

A

Cord factor

74
Q

Ion that damages lysosome by coating their surface

A

Ca2+

75
Q

Damage to lysosomes cause…

A

Acid hydrolases leak out and damage the nucleus (DNAse and RNAse)

76
Q

Most important primary active transport system

A

Sodium ATPase (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in)

77
Q

Most important secondary active transport system

A

Na/Ca2+ exchanger (3 Na+ out, 2 Ca2+ in)

78
Q

Transport system used to makes the cell more negative

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

79
Q

Transport system used to makes the cell more positive

A

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

80
Q

Lysosomal inclusion body is an indication of?

A

Missing enzyme

Inability to digest the substance

81
Q

Parent that transmits mitochondrial DNA

A

Mother

82
Q

Outcome of all chromosomal abnormalities

A

They all die

83
Q

Monosomy that doesn’t die

A

Turner’s

84
Q

Major concept behind all monosomies

A

If they don’t die, things won’t grow

85
Q

Trisomy 13 and presentation

A

Patau
High arched palate
Polydactyly
Die shortly after birth

86
Q

Trisomy 18 and presentation

A

Edward’s
Rockerbottom feet
Die shortly after birth

87
Q

Trisomy 21 and presenation

A 
Downs
MR
Congenital heart defects
Hypothyroidism
Cancer (ALL)
Early onset Alzheimer's 
Simian crease
Mongolian slant
Widely spaced 1st and 2nd toe
88
Q

MC cyanotic heart disease in Down’s

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

89
Q

MC and most frequent cancer in Down’s

A 
MC = ALL (MC in kids overall)
Frequent = AML
90
Q

3 types of nuclear damage

A

Pyknosis (blebs)
Karyohexis (fragments)
Karyolysis (dissolves)

91
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A

D/t ischemia

Architecture preserved

92
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis

A

Half solid, half liquid
No maintenance of architecture
Brain

93
Q

Hemorrhagic Necrosis

A

Organs with soft capsule or more than one blood supply

94
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

Cheesy

TB

95
Q

Fat Necrosis

A

Pancreas d/t chronic pancreatitis

Breast d/t blunt trauma

96
Q

Purulent Necrosis

A

Pus d/t bacteria (PMN)

97
Q

Granulomatous Necrosis

A

Granulomas
T-cells and macrophages
Non-bacteria

98
Q

Fibrinous Necrosis

A

Collagen vascular disease
Uremia
TB

99
Q

MCC Necrosis

A

Ischemia leading to coagulative necrosis

100
Q

Substances that stop the Na+/K+ pump

A

Digitalis

101
Q

Normal resting potential for cells

A

-90

102
Q

How the body maintains stroke volume during hypovolemic shock

A

Constricting veins and venules

103
Q

Epithelium in the aorta

A

Stratified squamous

104
Q

Calcification of the aortic arch d/t age and trauma

A

Monckeberg calcification

105
Q

Gives veins and venules the ability to have such great compliance

A

Elastin

106
Q

Occurs to the aorta d/t age

A

Calcification

107
Q

Affect of calcification of the aorta on BP and PP

A

BP and PP increase

108
Q

TX of HTN in elderly

A

Ca2+ channel blockers

109
Q

Vasodilators of the brain

A

Increase pCO2

Decrease pO2

110
Q

Vasodilators of the cardiovascular system

A

Adenosine

111
Q

Vasodilators of the lung

A

Increased pO2

112
Q

Vasodilators of muscle

A

Increased pCO2

Decreased pH

113
Q

Vasodilators of GI system

A

Food (fat)

114
Q

Vasodilators of skin

A

Increased temperature

Increased pCO2

115
Q

Vasodilators of the renal system

A

D2 receptors
Prostaglandins
ANP

116
Q

Pathology of sick sinus syndrome in the elderly

A

Carotid sinus is calcified so it does not respond

117
Q

Mechanism responsible for immediate BP regulation

A

Carotid reflex

118
Q

Mechanism responsible for intermediate BP regulation

A

NE (alpha-1 receptors then beta-1 receptors)

119
Q

Mechanism responsible for long term BP regulation

A

Kidney

120
Q

Most potent vasoconstrictor in the body

A

Angiotensin II

121
Q

2 most important actions of Angiotensin II

A

Vasoconstriction

Stimulates Aldosterone release

122
Q

TX for HTN in HF

A

ACE inhibitors

123
Q

Heart block with a fixed lengthening of PRI

A

1st degree

124
Q

Heart block with a normal PRI and erratic loss of QRS

A

2nd degree (Mobitz 2)

125
Q

Heart block with AV dissociation

A

3rd degree

126
Q

Heart block with a gradual lengthening or PRI and erratic loss of QRS

A

2nd degree (Mobitz 1)

127
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

+/- 1 or 2 bases

128
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Makes same protein

129
Q

Missense Mutation

A

Makes a different protein

130
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Stop codon

131
Q

Transition Mutation

A

Pur –> Pur

132
Q

Transversion Mutation

A

Pur –> Pyr

PP Clues (14 decks)

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