PP Clues - Cell Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
3 exceptions to the water out, fat in rule
A
Channels
Pores
Transmembrane proteins
2
Q
RDA for fats, carbs, proteins
A
Fat = 30% (9cal/g) Proteins = 30% (4 cal/g) Carbohydrates = 40% (4cal/g)
3
Q
7 functions of a cell membrane
A
Provide structure Transport (Motility) Active transport Heat/temp regulation Maintain gradient Depolarization Signal transduction
4
Q
Membrane transportation in a cell
A
Phagocytosis
5
Q
Bringing something into a cell
A
Endocytosis
6
Q
Removing something from a cell
A
Exocytosis
7
Q
Bring water into a cell
A
Pinocytosis
8
Q
Two things required for cellular transport
A
ATP and Actin
9
Q
Most important substance that is endocytosed
A
Nutrition
10
Q
Most important substance that is exocytosed
A
Waste
11
Q
Most important waste product produced by cells
A
Lipofuscin (brown pigment)
12
Q
Most important factor in the movement of particles
A
Concentration gradient
13
Q
How do you concentrate any substance in the body?
A
ATPase
14
Q
Secondary active transport
A
Going with concentration gradient using another substance’s gradient
15
Q
Most common gradient used for secondary active transport
A
Na+
16
Q
Fat soluble and steroid hormone receptors
A
Have nuclear membrane receptors (except cortisol)
Readily cross the membrane
17
Q
How do nuclear receptors work?
A
Stimulate the nucleus to perform DNA replication, transcription, translation into proteins by which they manifest their actions
18
Q
How to differentiate between one fat soluble hormone and another?
A
By the proteins they make
19
Q
Factors affecting transportation of water-soluble compounds
A
Size Charge pH Surface area Membrane thickness Flux Reflection coefficient Fick's law
20
Q
How do ions cross membranes?
A
Channels
21
Q
How do medium-sized particles cross membranes?
A
Pores
22
Q
How do larger molecules cross membranes?
A
Transport proteins
23
Q
How the body gets rid of heat
A
Vasodilate
24
Q
How the body keeps heat
A
Vasoconstricts
25
Most important substance transported through pores
Sweat (NaCl and water)
26
Hormones that have cell membrane receptors
Non-steroid hormones
27
Most common extracellular cations/anions
Sodium/Chloride
28
Most common intracellular cations/anions
Potassium/Proteins
29
Tissues best at depolarizing
Neuronal and Purkinje fibers
30
Type of hormones that have second messengers
Water-soluble (protein)
31
Location of protein hormone receptors
Cell membrane
32
Reflection coefficient for protein hormones
Close to 1
33
6 classes of second messengers
```
cAMP
cGMP
IP3/DAG
Ca2+
Tyrosine Kinase
Nitric Oxide
```
34
Action of cAMP
2nd messenger for sympathetics
35
Action of cGMP
2nd messenger for parasympathetics
36
Action of IP3/DAG
2nd messenger for all hypothalamic hormone (except CRH)
| All SM contraction by hormone or NT
37
Action of Ca2+ as a second messenger
Stimulates Gastrin
38
Action of tyrosine kinase
2nd messenger for insulin and all GF
39
Action of nitric oxide
2nd messenger for nitrates
40
MC second messenger system
cAMP
41
Hormones activated by phosphorylation
Catabolic
42
Hormones activated by dephosphorylation
Anabolic
43
Enzyme that breaks down cAMP
Phosphodiesterase
44
Inhibits phosphodiesterase
Caffeine
| Theophylline
45
Bacteria that ADP-ribosylates Gs subunit of the G-protein
ETEC
| Vibrio
46
Bacteria that ADP-ribosylates Gi subunit of the G-protein
Pertussis
47
Bacteria that ADP-ribosylates EF2
Diphtheria
| Pseudomonas
48
Action of nitric oxide
Increases cGMP
49
2nd messenger systems enhanced by increase Ca2+
IP3/DAG
Ca2+/Calmodulin
Ca2+
50
Hypertensive medications that vaso & veno dilate
Nitrates
| ACE inhibitors
51
Substances that use nitric oxide as second messenger
ANP
Endotoxin
Viagra (Sildenafil)
All nitrates
52
Nitrate used to TX cyanide poisoning
Amyl nitrate
53
Nitrate given IV or S/L for chest pain
Nitroglyceine
54
Nitrate used to TX HTN crisis
Sodium nitroprusside
55
Function of SER
Detoxification and steroid synthesis
56
Function of RER
Makes proteins for packaging
57
Function of Free Ribosomes
Makes proteins for cytoplasm
58
Function of Lysosome
Degradation of waste
59
Function of Golgi
Post-translational modifications of proteins
60
Function of Mitochondria
Makes energy
61
Function of Nucleus
Contains all genetic information
62
Function of Nucleolus
Produces Ribosomal RNA
63
Damage to these organelles is irreversible
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
64
Organ that uses SER for detoxification
Kidney
65
Organ that uses SER for steroid synthesis
Liver
66
Form of proteins when they start off
Pre-Pro-Protein
67
Only protein fully modified in the RER
Collagen
68
Where all proteins fully modified
Golgi
69
Tissues with the most SER
Liver and Kidney
70
Substances lysosomes have a lot of
Acid hydrolases
71
What do acid hydrolases do to the pH of lysosomes?
Decrease pH --> makes it acidic
72
Structure formed when lysosome phagocytoses something
Phagosome of a phagolysosome
73
Component of TB that prevents phagocytosis
Cord factor
74
Ion that damages lysosome by coating their surface
Ca2+
75
Damage to lysosomes cause...
Acid hydrolases leak out and damage the nucleus (DNAse and RNAse)
76
Most important primary active transport system
Sodium ATPase (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in)
77
Most important secondary active transport system
Na/Ca2+ exchanger (3 Na+ out, 2 Ca2+ in)
78
Transport system used to makes the cell more negative
Na+/K+ ATPase
79
Transport system used to makes the cell more positive
Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
80
Lysosomal inclusion body is an indication of?
Missing enzyme
| Inability to digest the substance
81
Parent that transmits mitochondrial DNA
Mother
82
Outcome of all chromosomal abnormalities
They all die
83
Monosomy that doesn't die
Turner's
84
Major concept behind all monosomies
If they don't die, things won't grow
85
Trisomy 13 and presentation
Patau
High arched palate
Polydactyly
Die shortly after birth
86
Trisomy 18 and presentation
Edward's
Rockerbottom feet
Die shortly after birth
87
Trisomy 21 and presenation
```
Downs
MR
Congenital heart defects
Hypothyroidism
Cancer (ALL)
Early onset Alzheimer's
Simian crease
Mongolian slant
Widely spaced 1st and 2nd toe
```
88
MC cyanotic heart disease in Down's
Tetralogy of Fallot
89
MC and most frequent cancer in Down's
```
MC = ALL (MC in kids overall)
Frequent = AML
```
90
3 types of nuclear damage
Pyknosis (blebs)
Karyohexis (fragments)
Karyolysis (dissolves)
91
Coagulative Necrosis
D/t ischemia
| Architecture preserved
92
Liquefactive Necrosis
Half solid, half liquid
No maintenance of architecture
Brain
93
Hemorrhagic Necrosis
Organs with soft capsule or more than one blood supply
94
Caseous Necrosis
Cheesy
| TB
95
Fat Necrosis
Pancreas d/t chronic pancreatitis
| Breast d/t blunt trauma
96
Purulent Necrosis
Pus d/t bacteria (PMN)
97
Granulomatous Necrosis
Granulomas
T-cells and macrophages
Non-bacteria
98
Fibrinous Necrosis
Collagen vascular disease
Uremia
TB
99
MCC Necrosis
Ischemia leading to coagulative necrosis
100
Substances that stop the Na+/K+ pump
Digitalis
101
Normal resting potential for cells
-90
102
How the body maintains stroke volume during hypovolemic shock
Constricting veins and venules
103
Epithelium in the aorta
Stratified squamous
104
Calcification of the aortic arch d/t age and trauma
Monckeberg calcification
105
Gives veins and venules the ability to have such great compliance
Elastin
106
Occurs to the aorta d/t age
Calcification
107
Affect of calcification of the aorta on BP and PP
BP and PP increase
108
TX of HTN in elderly
Ca2+ channel blockers
109
Vasodilators of the brain
Increase pCO2
| Decrease pO2
110
Vasodilators of the cardiovascular system
Adenosine
111
Vasodilators of the lung
Increased pO2
112
Vasodilators of muscle
Increased pCO2
| Decreased pH
113
Vasodilators of GI system
Food (fat)
114
Vasodilators of skin
Increased temperature
| Increased pCO2
115
Vasodilators of the renal system
D2 receptors
Prostaglandins
ANP
116
Pathology of sick sinus syndrome in the elderly
Carotid sinus is calcified so it does not respond
117
Mechanism responsible for immediate BP regulation
Carotid reflex
118
Mechanism responsible for intermediate BP regulation
NE (alpha-1 receptors then beta-1 receptors)
119
Mechanism responsible for long term BP regulation
Kidney
120
Most potent vasoconstrictor in the body
Angiotensin II
121
2 most important actions of Angiotensin II
Vasoconstriction
| Stimulates Aldosterone release
122
TX for HTN in HF
ACE inhibitors
123
Heart block with a fixed lengthening of PRI
1st degree
124
Heart block with a normal PRI and erratic loss of QRS
2nd degree (Mobitz 2)
125
Heart block with AV dissociation
3rd degree
126
Heart block with a gradual lengthening or PRI and erratic loss of QRS
2nd degree (Mobitz 1)
127
Frameshift Mutation
+/- 1 or 2 bases
128
Silent Mutation
Makes same protein
129
Missense Mutation
Makes a different protein
130
Nonsense Mutation
Stop codon
131
Transition Mutation
Pur --> Pur
132
Transversion Mutation
Pur --> Pyr
