Powerpoints class Flashcards
What is the function of the digestive tract? 3 parts
Ingestion and digestion of dietary substances, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste products.
Name the eight things the structures in the digestive tract allow for
Ingestion, mastification, motility, secretion, hormone release, chemical digestion, absorption and elimination
What type of epithelium does the esophageal mucosa have?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Name four cells of the small intestine
Goblet cells, paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and M cells
What is the function of goblet cells?
They secrete glycoprotein mucins
What is the function of paneth cells?
They release lysozyme and other substances called defensins, which bind and break down membranes of microorganisms and bacterial cell walls
What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?
They secrete various peptide hormones
What is the function of M cells?
They facilitate transepithelial transport of particles and microorganisms
What are the different parts of the duodenum called?
The superior, descending, horizontal and ascending duodenum
What are the three patterns of villi?
Finger-like, leaf-like or ridge-like
What is an appendectomy?
The surgical removal of the appendix
What are gastric ulcers and peptic ulcers?
Open lesions of the mucosa of the stomach ; lesions of the mucosa of the pyloric canal or duodenum
What is a hiatal hernia?
A protrusion of part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the diaphragm
Name the five vessels that enter or leave the liver at the hilum
The hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic vein, lymphatics and the common hepatic duct
Name the eight functions of the liver and its hepatocytes
Synthesis of plasma proteins, conversion of amino acids into glucose, detoxification of toxins and drugs, amino acid deamination, storage of glucose in glycogen, storage of vitamin A, removal of erythrocytes and the storage of iron in ferritin complexes.
At the apical surface of the hepatocyte …………….. occurs. At the basolateral surface of the hepatocyte …………… occurs
bile secretion
material absorption and secretion into the blood
The hepatocyte has portal triads. Name the three components of the portal triad
A venule of the portal vein,
An arteriole of the hepatic artery, bile ductules
What is hepatomegaly?
Enlargement of the liver
What happens to the hepatocytes in liver cirrhosis?
The hepatocytes are progessively destructed
Define portal hypertension and name a cause
Portal hypertension is a rising blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein, a cause is obstruction of the vein due to cirrhosis
The exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes. Name four different types
proteases, alpha-amylase, lipases and nucleases
How are proteases from the pancreas released?
As inactive zymogens
Name the three mechanisms through which the pancreas is protected from autodigestion
Restriction of protease activation to the duodenum, trypsin inhibitor co-packaged with the enzymes, and a higher pH in the acinar cells and duct system
Name two polypeptide hormones from the small intestine that control exocrine secretion, and what they promote
Cholecystokinin (CKK), which stimulates enzyme secretion by acinar cells, and secretin, which promotes water and bicarbonate secretion
What four parts does the wall of the gallbladder consist of?
Simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, thin muscularis, serosa
Name three functions of the spleen
Filtration of blood
Destruction of old erythrocytes
Production of antibodies and activated lymphocytes
What are the two components of the spleen?
Red pulp and white pulp
What does the white pulp of the spleen consist of?
Lymphoid nodules and lymphoid sheaths
What does the red pulp of the spleen consist of?
Blood-filled sinusoids and splenic cords
Where in the spleen are old/effete RBCs removed?
In the red pulp
In the red pulp of the spleen there are two routes of blood flow, the closed and the open circulation. Discuss how the two work
In the closed circulation, capillaries connect directly to the sinusoids and blood remains enclosed by endothelium
In the open circulation, capillaries are open-ended, dumping blood into the stroma of the splenic cords. The blood reenters the vasculature by slits between stave cells of the sinusoids
Name five functions of the kidney
Maintenance of homeostasis (electrolyte and water), excretion of metabolic waste products, synthesis of calcitrol and EPO, conversion of vitamin D to its active form, regulation of acid-base balance
What are the three main regions of the kidney?
The renal cortex, medulla, and pelvis
What are the cortex and medulla of the kidney composed of?
Nephrons
There are three filtration barriers to enter Bowman’s space. Name them
The capillary endothelium, podocyte layer, and the fused basement membrane of the capillary and podocyte
What type of epithelial cells is the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule made of?
Simple Squamous epithelial cells
What is the function of mesengial cells in the glomerulus?
Secretion of a matrix of basement membrane like material to support the glomerulus
Name the five main function of the skin
Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, metabolic functions (vitamin D and adipose metabolsim) and sexual attraction
What are the four layers of the epidermis?
The basal cell layer/ stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum
Describe the stratum basale according to cell type
The stratum basale is a row of cuboidal cells
Describe the stratum spinosum according to cells
Keratinocytes here develop short projections that attach to adjacent cells via desmosomes
Describe the stratum granulosum according to cell type
Keratinocytes here have become squamous cells containing keratohyaline
Describe the stratum corneum according to cell type
It consists of flat, keratinized scales that are shed and replaced continuously
What does the nervous system do? 2 points
Controls and integrates activities of the body
Name the two components recognized as the structural division of the nervous system
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Name the two components recognized as the functional divison of the nervous system
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous sytem
What does the somatic nervous system supply to?
It supplies sensation to the skin and joints and skeletal muscle. Voluntary nervous system
What does the autonomic nervous system supply to?
Smooth muscle, glands and viscera. Involuntary nervous system
What are the two components of the cycle of information from the nervous system?
Gather information from sensory receptors, generate appropriate signals to effector cells
What is the function of myelin and myelin sheaths around neurons?
They are electrical insulators that prevent electric current from leaving axons
What does the dendrite do in terms of signals?
It receives afferent inputs
What does the axon do in terms of signals?
It conducts efferent signals to the terminal branches
What is the function of the synaptic terminal?
To conduct signals to either inhibit or excite the next neuron
Name and describe the three types of neurons
Motor neurons, who have large cell bodies and are multipolar
Sensory neurons that have two branches, one to the CNS, the other to the sensory area.
Interneurons, who make local connections within the CNS
Describe a multipolar neuron according to dendrites and axons
A multipolar neuron has multiple dendrites and a single axon
Describe a bipolar neuronn according to dendrites and axons
It has a single dendrite and a single axon
Describe a pseudounipolar neuron according to axons and dendrites
It has single stem that splits into a single dendrite and axon
Name three functions of neuroglia
They support, insulate and nourish the neurons
What are the three main functions of Astrocytes?
Biochemical support of endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier, provisionof nutrients to the nervous tissue, and maintenance of extracellular ion balance
What is the main function of oligodendrocytes?
To provide support and insulation to axons in the CNS
What is the main function of microglial cells?
To act as an immune cell of the CNS
What is the main function of ependymal cells?
The production of CSF
What is the main function of the CNS?
Coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals and carry out higher mental functions such as thinking and learning
Name the three main parts of the brain
cerebellum, cerebrum, and brainstem
What doe afferent and efferent mean with regards to the nervous system?
Afferent is towards
Efferent is away
What did you pick as a redudant part of the body, and why?
The appendix, as it is a very common procedure to remove it. However, it has a function in terms of microbiome preservation if anything happens to the intestines
What did you pick as a part of the body that could be improved, and why?
Nerves and their conduction. Areas of the body can become numb easily by compression or injury
