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Anatomy > Powerpoints class > Flashcards

Powerpoints class Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the digestive tract? 3 parts

A

Ingestion and digestion of dietary substances, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste products.

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2
Q

Name the eight things the structures in the digestive tract allow for

A

Ingestion, mastification, motility, secretion, hormone release, chemical digestion, absorption and elimination

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3
Q

What type of epithelium does the esophageal mucosa have?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Name four cells of the small intestine

A

Goblet cells, paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and M cells

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5
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

They secrete glycoprotein mucins

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6
Q

What is the function of paneth cells?

A

They release lysozyme and other substances called defensins, which bind and break down membranes of microorganisms and bacterial cell walls

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7
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

They secrete various peptide hormones

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8
Q

What is the function of M cells?

A

They facilitate transepithelial transport of particles and microorganisms

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9
Q

What are the different parts of the duodenum called?

A

The superior, descending, horizontal and ascending duodenum

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10
Q

What are the three patterns of villi?

A

Finger-like, leaf-like or ridge-like

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11
Q

What is an appendectomy?

A

The surgical removal of the appendix

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12
Q

What are gastric ulcers and peptic ulcers?

A

Open lesions of the mucosa of the stomach ; lesions of the mucosa of the pyloric canal or duodenum

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13
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

A protrusion of part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the diaphragm

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14
Q

Name the five vessels that enter or leave the liver at the hilum

A

The hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic vein, lymphatics and the common hepatic duct

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15
Q

Name the eight functions of the liver and its hepatocytes

A

Synthesis of plasma proteins, conversion of amino acids into glucose, detoxification of toxins and drugs, amino acid deamination, storage of glucose in glycogen, storage of vitamin A, removal of erythrocytes and the storage of iron in ferritin complexes.

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16
Q

At the apical surface of the hepatocyte …………….. occurs. At the basolateral surface of the hepatocyte …………… occurs

A

bile secretion

material absorption and secretion into the blood

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17
Q

The hepatocyte has portal triads. Name the three components of the portal triad

A

A venule of the portal vein,

An arteriole of the hepatic artery, bile ductules

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18
Q

What is hepatomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the liver

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19
Q

What happens to the hepatocytes in liver cirrhosis?

A

The hepatocytes are progessively destructed

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20
Q

Define portal hypertension and name a cause

A

Portal hypertension is a rising blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein, a cause is obstruction of the vein due to cirrhosis

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21
Q

The exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes. Name four different types

A

proteases, alpha-amylase, lipases and nucleases

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22
Q

How are proteases from the pancreas released?

A

As inactive zymogens

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23
Q

Name the three mechanisms through which the pancreas is protected from autodigestion

A

Restriction of protease activation to the duodenum, trypsin inhibitor co-packaged with the enzymes, and a higher pH in the acinar cells and duct system

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24
Q

Name two polypeptide hormones from the small intestine that control exocrine secretion, and what they promote

A

Cholecystokinin (CKK), which stimulates enzyme secretion by acinar cells, and secretin, which promotes water and bicarbonate secretion

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25
Q

What four parts does the wall of the gallbladder consist of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, thin muscularis, serosa

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26
Q

Name three functions of the spleen

A

Filtration of blood
Destruction of old erythrocytes
Production of antibodies and activated lymphocytes

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27
Q

What are the two components of the spleen?

A

Red pulp and white pulp

28
Q

What does the white pulp of the spleen consist of?

A

Lymphoid nodules and lymphoid sheaths

29
Q

What does the red pulp of the spleen consist of?

A

Blood-filled sinusoids and splenic cords

30
Q

Where in the spleen are old/effete RBCs removed?

A

In the red pulp

31
Q

In the red pulp of the spleen there are two routes of blood flow, the closed and the open circulation. Discuss how the two work

A

In the closed circulation, capillaries connect directly to the sinusoids and blood remains enclosed by endothelium
In the open circulation, capillaries are open-ended, dumping blood into the stroma of the splenic cords. The blood reenters the vasculature by slits between stave cells of the sinusoids

32
Q

Name five functions of the kidney

A

Maintenance of homeostasis (electrolyte and water), excretion of metabolic waste products, synthesis of calcitrol and EPO, conversion of vitamin D to its active form, regulation of acid-base balance

33
Q

What are the three main regions of the kidney?

A

The renal cortex, medulla, and pelvis

34
Q

What are the cortex and medulla of the kidney composed of?

A

Nephrons

35
Q

There are three filtration barriers to enter Bowman’s space. Name them

A

The capillary endothelium, podocyte layer, and the fused basement membrane of the capillary and podocyte

36
Q

What type of epithelial cells is the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule made of?

A

Simple Squamous epithelial cells

37
Q

What is the function of mesengial cells in the glomerulus?

A

Secretion of a matrix of basement membrane like material to support the glomerulus

38
Q

Name the five main function of the skin

A

Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, metabolic functions (vitamin D and adipose metabolsim) and sexual attraction

39
Q

What are the four layers of the epidermis?

A

The basal cell layer/ stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

40
Q

Describe the stratum basale according to cell type

A

The stratum basale is a row of cuboidal cells

41
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum according to cells

A

Keratinocytes here develop short projections that attach to adjacent cells via desmosomes

42
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum according to cell type

A

Keratinocytes here have become squamous cells containing keratohyaline

43
Q

Describe the stratum corneum according to cell type

A

It consists of flat, keratinized scales that are shed and replaced continuously

44
Q

What does the nervous system do? 2 points

A

Controls and integrates activities of the body

45
Q

Name the two components recognized as the structural division of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

46
Q

Name the two components recognized as the functional divison of the nervous system

A

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous sytem

47
Q

What does the somatic nervous system supply to?

A

It supplies sensation to the skin and joints and skeletal muscle. Voluntary nervous system

48
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system supply to?

A

Smooth muscle, glands and viscera. Involuntary nervous system

49
Q

What are the two components of the cycle of information from the nervous system?

A

Gather information from sensory receptors, generate appropriate signals to effector cells

50
Q

What is the function of myelin and myelin sheaths around neurons?

A

They are electrical insulators that prevent electric current from leaving axons

51
Q

What does the dendrite do in terms of signals?

A

It receives afferent inputs

52
Q

What does the axon do in terms of signals?

A

It conducts efferent signals to the terminal branches

53
Q

What is the function of the synaptic terminal?

A

To conduct signals to either inhibit or excite the next neuron

54
Q

Name and describe the three types of neurons

A

Motor neurons, who have large cell bodies and are multipolar
Sensory neurons that have two branches, one to the CNS, the other to the sensory area.
Interneurons, who make local connections within the CNS

55
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron according to dendrites and axons

A

A multipolar neuron has multiple dendrites and a single axon

56
Q

Describe a bipolar neuronn according to dendrites and axons

A

It has a single dendrite and a single axon

57
Q

Describe a pseudounipolar neuron according to axons and dendrites

A

It has single stem that splits into a single dendrite and axon

58
Q

Name three functions of neuroglia

A

They support, insulate and nourish the neurons

59
Q

What are the three main functions of Astrocytes?

A

Biochemical support of endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier, provisionof nutrients to the nervous tissue, and maintenance of extracellular ion balance

60
Q

What is the main function of oligodendrocytes?

A

To provide support and insulation to axons in the CNS

61
Q

What is the main function of microglial cells?

A

To act as an immune cell of the CNS

62
Q

What is the main function of ependymal cells?

A

The production of CSF

63
Q

What is the main function of the CNS?

A

Coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals and carry out higher mental functions such as thinking and learning

64
Q

Name the three main parts of the brain

A

cerebellum, cerebrum, and brainstem

65
Q

What doe afferent and efferent mean with regards to the nervous system?

A

Afferent is towards

Efferent is away

66
Q

What did you pick as a redudant part of the body, and why?

A

The appendix, as it is a very common procedure to remove it. However, it has a function in terms of microbiome preservation if anything happens to the intestines

67
Q

What did you pick as a part of the body that could be improved, and why?

A

Nerves and their conduction. Areas of the body can become numb easily by compression or injury

Anatomy (9 decks)

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