Digestive system Flashcards
Name the 9 principal viscera of the abdomen
Esophagus, stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallblader, kidneys, suprarenal glands
Name the 3 parts of the gastrointestinal tract
Esophagus, stomach, intestine
What is peristalsis?
A series of ring-like contraction waves responsible for mixing of the food mass with gastric juices
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Where does absorption of chemical compounds primarily occur?
In the small intestine
What are the five parts of the large intestine?
cecum, appendix, colon (ascending, transverse, descending), rectum, anal canal
Where does reabsorption of water occur?
In the ascending colon
Name the arterial supply of the abdominal viscera and the three main branches it has
The abdominal aorta, of which the three major branches are the celiac trunk, and the superior and inferiro mesenteric arteries
What is the main channel of the portal venous system?
The hepatic portal vein
Where does the esophagus start and end?
It starts at the pharynx and ends at the stomach
There is a clear transition visible in the esophagogastric junction. Name the cell type of the esophagus and of the stomach you see at the junction here.
The esophagus is stratified squamous epithelium
The stomach is simple columnar epithelium
Name the main artery that supplies the abdominal esophagus
The esophageal branches of the left gastric artery
Name the main vessel that drains the abdominal esophagus
The left gastric vein
What is the main function of the stomach?
Acidic and mechanical digestion
Name the four parts of the stomach
Cardia, fundus, body and pyloric part
Name the two curvatures of the stomach and where they are located
The lesser curvature, forms the shorter superior border of the stomach, the greater curvature forms the long inferior border of the stomach
Name the five main arteries associated with blood supply to the stomach
Celiac trunk of the abdominal aorta, right and left gastric arteries and right and left gastro-omental artery
By which veins is the stomach drained?
The right and left gastric veins
The stomach is covered by ………..
periotoneum
Name the four parts of the duodenum in the order the food would pass through them
Superior, descending, inferior and ascending duodenum
Name the five layers of the wall of the small intestine from the lumen towards the outside
Mucosa, Muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa, subserosa and viseral peritoneum/serosa
What are the four parts of the colon?
Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon
The large intestine has features that the small intestine does not. Name three of them
Teniae coli; thickened bands of smooth muscle fibers
Haustra; pouches of the colon between the teniae
Omental appendices; fatty appendices of colon
Which artery supplies the cecum?
ileocolic artery
Which arteries supply the ascending colon?
The ileocolic and right colic arteries
Which artery supplies the transverse colon?
The middle colic artery
Name the four main parts of the pancreas
The head, neck, body and tail
What does the exocrine pancreas produce? 1
Digestive enzymes which enter the duodenum
What does the endocrine pancreas produce? 2
Glucagon and insulin
Where does the main pancreatic duct start and end?
It begins in the tail of the pancreas and ends at the common bile duct
What controls the flow of bile?
The sphincter of the bile duct
What prevents reflux of bile into the duct?
The sphincter of the pancreatic duct
Every substance absorbed by the alimentary tract is first recieved by ……
the liver
What are the three elements of the portal triad?
Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct
Where is bile produced?
In the liver
Hepatocytes secrete bile into the ………… between them
bile canaliculi
Which vessels drain the right and left livers of bile?
The right and left hepatic ducts
The cystic duct connects the neck of the gallbladder to which duct
The common hepatic duct
Which artery supplies the gallbladder and the cystic duct?
The cystic artery
The hepatic portal vein. What is it deprived of and what is it full of?
It is oxygen low, and nutrient-rich
Name three functions of the kindeys
Removal of excess water, salts, and wastes of protein metabolism from the blood
What drains the kidneys of urine?
The ureters
Name the four secretions of the suprarenal gland
corticosteroids, androgens, epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones
The renal hilum is the entrance into the renal ……
sinus
Where are the kidneys located? Name the position in the body (anterior or posterior) and the vertebrae levels
The kidneys are located on the posterior abdominal wall, at T12-L3 vertebrae level
Name the three structures the right kidney is related with and how they are related (posterior/anterior etc)
The liver, duodenum and ascending colon are anterior to the right kidney
Name the five structures the left kidney is related to
The stomach, spleen, pancreas, jejenum and descending colon
Name the two parts of the suprarenal glands
The suprarenal cortex and suprarenal medulla
The kidneys are supplied by which vessel and drained by which vessel?
The renal arteries and renal veins
The suprarenal arteries arise from which three sources?
The superior suprarenal arteries, middle suprarenal arteries and inferior suprarenal arteries
